Textile Technology for
Non-Textile Graduate
Engr. Sahadat HussainSr. Consultant Environmental and ProcessEngineering Resources International(ERI) Ltd.
Textile TechnologyA textile or cloth is a flexible woven material
consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibers often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands. Textiles are formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, or felting.
The Study area that deal with Textile or Cloth, Fiber, Yarn and Readymade Garments manufacturing and processing are called textile technology.
Textile Technology Textiles are prepared from:
Natural Fiber – Cotton, Silk, Wool and JuteManmade Fiber – Rayon,
Polyester, and NylonBlended - Cellulose + Viscose,
Synthetic + Natural.
Textile Technology Fabric Type :
Knit fabric –Warp Knit and Weft KnitExample: - T-Shirts, Under-garments and Mosquito NetWoven fabric – Denims, Shirts, Pants
and Home Textiles.
Textile Industries
Textile IndustriesSpinning Mills – Cotton
Spinning Mills - Synthetic Spinning Mills
Composite Mills – Knit Composite Mills - Woven Composite Mills
Textile Industries Knit Composite Mills
Knitting – Circular or Flat Knitting Machines , Dyeing – Batch Dyeing MachineFinishing – Squeezer, Stenter/Dryer and Compactor Garments – Sewing Machines.Rotary/ Screen Printing (Special case)
Woven Composite Mills-Weaving – Looms or Hand loomsDesizing – Scouring & Desizing MachinesDyeing – Continuous Dyeing MachinesGarments/ Sewing Section.Rotary/ Screen Printing (Special case)
Textile Wet Processing Knit Dyeing and Finishing Woven Dyeing and Finishing Yarn Dyeing and Finishing Denim Dyeing and Finishing Denim Washing and Finishing Garments Washing Sweater Washing Rotary / Screen Printing
Dyeing Process- Depending on Types of Dyes
• Acrylic Fiber
• Wool• Cotton• Linen
• Polyester
• Acrylic• Nylon
• Cotton• Wool• Silk• Nylon Reacti
ve Dyeing
Disperse
Dyeing
Basic Dyeing
Acid dyeing
Dyeing Process- Depending on Types of Dyes
• Polyester
• Acrylic
• Cotton• Wool
• Cotton• Linen
• Cotton• Linen• Rayon Vat
/Indigo
Dyeing
Sulfur Dyein
g
Gel Dyein
g
Pigment
dyeing
Dyeing Process
Pretreatment
• To remove Oil stain and other dirt from the fabric
• To remove the natural color of cotton• To improve the absorbency of the fiber
Dyeing
• To add color as per desire shade• Continue the process until the desire
shade matching
After Treatment
• To remove the unbind color and other chemicals
• To fix the color for desire wash fastness• To make the fabric neutral
Knit Dyeing and Finishing ProcessFigure 2-2 : Process Flow Diagram
Inputs ReleasesProcess
Greige Fabric Storage
Batching and Inspection
Slitting/Dewatering
Conveyor Dryer
Compaction
Pre - Packing
Inspection
Final Packing
Dispatch
Half BleachPeroxide, Caustic, OBA, Acid, Detergent, Enzyme, Auxiliaries
Waste Water with high pH, Temp, BOD, COD
Reactive Dyes, Disperse Dyes, Acids, Auxiliaries, Softeners
DyeingWaste Water with high pH, Temp., TSS, TDS, BOD, COD
OBA/ Full Bleach
Stenter
Waste water with low pollution loadElectricity, Compressed Air
Solid Waste
Solid WasteElectricity, Compressed Air
Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam, Softener or Other Finishing Agents
Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam
Condensate Cooling Water
Electricity Solid Waste
Solid WasteElectricity
Nominal amount of waste water,Hot exhaust (Flue Gases)
Nominal amount of waste water,Hot exhaust (Flue Gases) ,Condensate
Electricity, Compressed Air, Steam, Gas, Softener or Other Finishing Agents
Knit Dyeing and Finishing ProcessOBA / Full Bleach
105 °C , 40 minCooling70 °C
60 °CPeroxide
OBA
Drain
55 °C , 10 min 55 °C , 40 minAcid + Bio polishing
80 °C , 30 min
Drain
AcidBio polish chemical
Cooling70 °C
Bleaching (Medium/Dark shade)
105 °C , 30 minCooling70 °C
60 °CPeroxide
Drain
55 °C , 10 min 55 °C , 40 minAcid + Bio polishing
80 °C , 30 min
Drain
AcidPeroxide Killer Bio polish
chemicalCooling70 °C
Dyeing
Drain
Rinsing
60-80 °C , 40-60 min
Cooling70 °C
Drain Drain
Rinsing Neutralization
Drain
55 °C , 10 min
80-95 °C , 20-30 minCooling70 °C
Drain
Soaping
Drain
Rinsing
Rinsing
Fixer + Softener
Drain
DyesAuxilliaries
Knit Dyeing and Finishing Machines
Dyeing Machine
• Pretreatment • Dyeing• After Treatment
Squeezer/ Dewateri
ng
• To remove water from fabric• To turn the fabric• To make the fabric untwist
Stenter/ Dryer
• To add softening chemical to the fabric (not for all fabrics)
• To adjust the fabric width • To adjust the fabric GSM (Gram per Square Meter)
Compactor
• To make the fabric soft for desire hand feel• To remove the fly from the fabric and make it
smooth• To make the fabric shiny
Woven Process (Additional
Singing Process• To remove fly from the fabric surface by using flame
Mercerizing Process
• To add caustic soda to the fabric for silk-like luster.
Cold Pad Batch (CPB) process
semi-continuous dyeing that consists of pad-batch, pad-jig, pad-roll the fabric is first impregnated with the dye-liquor in, what is called a padding machine. Then it is subjected to batch wise treatment in a jigger.
Curing Process ( for Rotary Printing)
Special Heat treatment for printed fabric at certain temperature by using steam
Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessFigure 3-1 : Process Flow Diagram
Singe/ Desize
Scouring
Solomatic bleach/ Bleach
Heat Set/ Width Set
Fluff
Fluff
Waste Water with highpH
peroxide, caustic,Auxiliaries
Greige Fabric Inspection
Inputs ReleasesProcess
Waste Water with high pH,Temp, BOD, COD
Caustic, Auxiliaries
MercerizeCausticWaste Water with highpH, Temp
Width Set
Waste Water with highpH, TSS, TDS, BOD,COD, TKN
Dyes, Auxiliaries,Caustic, Salt Dyeing
water with high pH,Temp., TSS, TDS, BOD,COD
Curing/ Steaming
Wetting AgentWaste water withTSS, TDS, temp.
Washing
Dispatch
Waste water, TSS,BOD, CODFinishing
Inspection / Folding
Binder, Thickener,Ammonia, Dyes
Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessPretreatment /Scouring Process
Reactive Dyeing Process
Woven Dyeing and Finishing ProcessPretreatment /Scouring Process
Reactive Dyeing Process
Denim Washing Process
Denim Washing ProcessTimeline diagram for denim washing