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Beata MalecUniversity of Silesia
XXXIII International Conference of Theoretical Physics
MATTER TO THE DEEPEST: Recent Developments in Physics of Fundamental Interactions, Ustroń’09
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 2
Outline of the talk
Introductory remarks Context - dark matter problem, Astrophysical constraints on exotic physics
White dwarfs in perspectiveG117-B15A as a tool for astroparticle physics
WD constraints on : multidimensional ADD model scalar WIMP-nucleon cross section
Conclusion and perspectives
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 3
X-ray emission from clusters
Gravitational lensing by galaxies and
clusters (giant arcs)
Dark Matter in the UniversePioneers: Oort 1923, Zwicky 1925
Flat rotation curves in galaxies
b = 0.042 m = 0.29 ± 0.04
MODERN COSMOLOGY
BBN
LSS
CMBR
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 4
Dark Matter in the Universe
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 5
Motivation and ideas
Modern astrophysics is a great success of standard physical theories in understanding stellar structure and evolution
Stars serves as a source of constraints on non standard ideas Some of these constraints turn out to be more stringent than
laboratory ones
First idea: weakly interacting particles (axions, Kaluza-Klein gravitons, etc.) produced in hot and dense stellar interior are steaming freely – in effect we have additional cooling channel and modification of evolutional time-scales
Second idea: If a star is immersed in a halo of supersymmetric dark matter it can have consequences on the course of its evolution
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 6
Three main source of astrophysical constraints: (previously considered mainly in the context of additional
cooling channels)
Sun (helioseismology)
additional cooling – increase of Tc
Globular clusters
main observables
Height of RGB tip above HB
Number density of stars on HB
Supernova 1987A
Duration of pulse
Energy budget
In practice
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 7
White dwarfs are degenerate stars , consist of C and O, they could also have thin outher He and H layers.
WD history is simple: the only one thing they can do is to cool down.
Luminosity is fairly well described by Mestel cooling law
Some of them are pulsating stars -
so called ZZ-Ceti variables
dt
dTMc
dt
dUL WDV
th
asteroseismology - gives opportunity to record many pulsational modes and to
measure them with great accuracy
New tool – pulsating White Dwarfs (WD)
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 8
From the theory of stellar oscillations it is known that WD can support non radial oscillations
excited g-modes have frequencies (proportional to)
gAdr
pd
dr
dgN
ln1ln
1
2 Brunta-Väisäla frequency
for degenerate electron gas at non-zero temperature:
A~T2 so
1/P ~T then
MTc
L
T
T
P
P
V
inferences
from the rate of period change one can estimate cooling rate
when star is cooling its period increases
How it works?
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 9
Pulsating White Dwarf G117-B15A
discovered (as variable) in 1976 (McGraw & Robinson)
Global parameters mass 0.59 M0
Teff =11 620 K (Bergeron 1995)
log(L/L0) = -2.8 tzn. L=6.18 1030 erg/s
(McCook & Sion 1999)
R = 9.6 105 cm Tc = 1.2 107 K
Chemical composition:
C:O = 20:80 (Bradley 1995)
C : O = 17 : 83 (Salaris et al. 1997)
Other names
RY LMi
WD 0921+352
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Pulsational properties/features:
Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 10
excited modes – g-modes– non-radial oscilations
215.2 s 271 s 304.4 sKepler et al. 1982
Rate of period change is precisely measured for the mode 215. 2 s
(Kepler et al. 2000) (Kepler et al. 2005)
Change of the period gives information about cooling rate !
2max 2
1EPPPETCO
1151080.027.4 ssPobs
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Systematic effects (secular):
Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 11
Proper motion van Altena et al. 1995
• residual gravitational contraction – negligibly small
• core crystalization –DAV stars are too hot
• proper motion effect (Pajdosz 1995)
Theoretical prediction of the Salaris (1997) modelCorsico et al. 2001
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 12
Excellent agreement between theory and the observed rate of period change-> a source of constraints
It restricts possibility of new energy sources or cooling channels
In the Mestel law approximation
Energetic constraints on exotic sources in G117 – B15A
s
ergLLX
3010298.1126.0
theor
obsX
P
P
L
LL
theor
theorobsX P
PPL
MTc
L
T
T
P
P
V
Energetic constraint
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 13
World is multidimensional: gravity acts in n+4 dimensions, all other interactions „confined” to 4-dim „brane”
One can build low-energy effective theory of K-K gravitons interacting with S.M. fields[Barger et al. 1999, Cassisi et al. 2000]
emission rate
Observed rate of change of period
Theoretical rate of change of period
3n dla 1074.9 25
491
jjs
eGB Zn
M
nT
2n dla1086.5 24
375
jjs
eGB Zn
M
nT
nns
Pl
nn
M
M
cR
2
2
WDM
KK dmL0
s
ergL
s
ergL
s
ergL
GCP
GB
24
212
29
1014.2
1053.4
108
ADD Model
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LEP Ms > 1 TeV/c2
SUN Ms > 0,3 TeV/c2
Globular Clusters Ms > 4 TeV/c2
SN1987A Ms > 30-130TeV/c2
WD G117-B15A Ms > 8,8 TeV/c2
Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 14
Comparison of bounds
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 15
Stars are immersed in the Galactic dark halo
What are the consequences ?
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Accretion of dark matter
Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 16
Capture rate
Barometric distribution of WIMPs sets in
Majorana particles - -> annihilate
Stady state: accretion and annihilation rates are equal
Additional luminosity
Spergel & Press 1985Gould 1987
2/1
2
3
dmc
cx mG
Tr
kmrx 82
3ii
i p
WDsieff AX
m
M
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 17
In the supersymmetric model of WIMPs (neutralino)
One can obtain the upper bound on nucleon scatering cross section
2371008.2 cmsi
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Recapitulation
o Pulsating white dwarf G117 – B15A is a nice tool for astroparticle physics:
o Long sequence of observational data (fotometric and spectroscopic)
o Well calibrated astroseismologically
o Pulsational mode 215 s – one of the most stable clocks in nature (the most stable „optical clock”)
Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 18
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 19
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 20
2/1
2
3
dmc
cx mG
Tr
kmr 82x
3ii
i p
WDsieff AX
m
M
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 21
additional energy loss channel due to KK-graviton emission
relevant process - gravibremsstrahlung in static electric field of ions.
e
e
e
e
ee
e e
Gkk
Gkk
Gkk
Gkk
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Ustroń, Sept. 16 2009 MATTER TO THE DEEPEST 22
specific mass emissivity for this process calculated by Barger et al. Phys Lett B 1999
the upper 2 limit on POBS translates into a bound:
LL
P
PMZn
M
nTL
O
OBS
jjj
S
eKK
308.011086.5 2
2
375
the final result for the constraint on mass scale MS is: