Download - Bee & Boyd, Lifespan Development, Chapter 8
Chapter 8:
Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
In This Chapter
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Freud: gain control over bodily functions and renegotiate parent relationships Anal Stage Phallic Stage
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Psychoanalytic Perspectives
Erikson: agreed with Freud with added focus on social skill development Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt Initiative versus Guilt
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Person perception: increasing ability to classify others Use category trait labels. Describe others’ behavior patterns of
others. Categorize based on observation
characteristics.
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Understanding Rule Categories Social conventions Moral rules Differentiation of response Increased cognitive capabilities and adult
emphasis
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Understanding Others’ Intentions
Children do understand intentions to some degree: Punishment is for intentional acts. Actors’ intentions matter. Choices bound by consequences.
Theories of Social and Personality Development
Social-Cognitive Perspectives
Racism in Preschool Classroom Early judgments reflect ego thinking and
cognitive immaturity, not true racism.
Judgment of others related to race schemas.
Understanding of cultural racial stereotypes and prejudices slowly acquired.
True or false?
Children know more about intentions than Piaget theorized but still have limited ability to base their judgments entirely
on intentions.
Figure 8.1 A Test of Children’s Understanding of Intentionality
FIGURE TO COME
Personality and Self-ConceptA Brief Overview
Gains in social environment understanding contribute to emergence of distinctive personality.
Self-concept becomes more complex.
Exercise of greater control over behavior is aided.
Personality and Self-ConceptTransition from Temperament to Personality
Personality represents combination of temperament at birth and knowledge about temperament-related behavior during childhood.
Social rewards encourage impulse control and behavior is modified.
Personality and Self-ConceptMe, myself, and more
Components of Self-Concept
Gender Development
Explanations and Theory: Psychoanalytic Explanations Social-Cognitive Explanations Gender Schema Theory
Gender DevelopmentGender Concept Sequence
Gender understanding develops in stages: Gender identity Gender stability Gender constancy
What is this five-year-old conveying about her understanding of gender?
“This is how I will
look when I grow up.”
Figure 8.2 Gender Stereotyping in a Child’s Drawing
Gender DevelopmentInformation-Processing Approach
Gender schema theory: development of gender schema underlies gender development and occurs with recognition of gender differences Schema organization First primitive gender schema and
assimilation
Gender DevelopmentSex-Role Knowledge
What are the stereotypes?
Gender DevelopmentSex-Typed Behavior
Sex-type behavior: Develops earlier than ideas about gender
Learned from older same-sex children
Learned differently by gender
Figure 8.3 Gender and Playmate Preferences
How would you structure preschooler play opportunities?
Family Relationships and StructureAttachment
Securely attached preschoolers exhibit fewer behavior problems.
Insecurely attached children display more anger and aggression at daycare and preschool.
By age 4, children form goal-corrected partnerships.
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Diana Baumrind
Figure 8.4 Control, Acceptance, Parenting Style
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritarian
Parenting Characteristics High levels of demand and control Low levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences Good school performance Lower self-esteem and less peer interaction
skills Some subdued; others highly aggressive
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Permissive
Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication Low in demand and control
Child Consequences Poor adolescent school performance More aggressive and immature Less responsible and independent
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Authoritative
Parenting Characteristics High in warmth and communication High in demand and control
Child Consequences Higher self-esteem, independence, and
altruism More parental compliance Self-confident and achievement-oriented Better school performance
Family Relationships and StructureParenting Styles: Uninvolved
Parenting Characteristics Low in levels of demand and control Low in levels of warmth and communication
Child Consequences Disturbances in social relationships More impulsive and antisocial in adolescence Less competent with peers Much less achievement-oriented in school
Figure 8.5 Parenting Style and Grades
Family Relationships and Structure
Effects of Parenting Styles: Overview
Authoritative Parents More likely to be involved in child’s school Often use inductive discipline Not equally effective for all children
Family Relationships and StructureEffects of Parenting Styles: Spanking
Most parents believe spanking effective if used sparingly Short-term effects Long-term effects Premack’s principle
Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles
Authoritative pattern Positive outcomes seen in all ethnic
groups More common in white families and
middle class Usually more common among intact
families Least common among Asian Americans
Figure 8.6 Social Class, Ethnicity, and Parenting Style
Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in Asian American families High levels of school achievement in
Asian American children Economic success Maintenance of ethnic identity
Ethnicity, Socio-Economic Status and Parenting Styles
Authoritarian pattern in African American families Enhances children’s potential for self-
control and success Prepares children to deal with social
forces such as racism that impede social success
Reduces use of substance abuse
What kind of parenting style was used to raise you? What effects did it have on your development? What style will you use as a parent?
What can single parents do to improve the developmental progress of their children?
Questions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To PonderQuestions To Ponder
Family Relationships and Structure
Family Structure: Diversity in Two-Parent and Single-Parent Families Only 70% of U.S. children lived with both
biological parents in 2007. Many children from two-parent families
have experienced single-parenting. 2% of U.S. children live with custodial
grandparents.
Ethnicity and U.S. Family Types
Figure 8.7 Ethnicity and Family Structure
Family Structure and EthnicitySingle Parents
Family Structure: Single-Parent Families More common among African Americans
and Native Americans Single mothers are less likely to marry. Grandparents and other relatives
traditionally help support single mothers. Some single mothers are financially secure.
Family Relationships and StructureOther Types of Family Structures
Custodial Grandparents Aging and parenting stress cause anxiety
and depression.
Gay and Lesbian Parents No expressed social or cognitive
developmental differences between the children of gay and lesbian parents and the children of heterosexual couples.
Family Relationships and StructureDivorce: Impact on Children
True or False?
When considering the psychological effects on children, the optimal family structure has two biological parents.
Use information from your text to support your answer.
Family Relationships and StructureUnderstanding Results from Psychological
Research
• Parenthood or divorce reduces financial and emotional resources available to a child
• Any transition involves upheaval• Authoritative parenting likely diminishes
during upheaval• Extended family networks mitigate impact
Peer RelationshipsKinds of Play
Successful play associated with development of social skills
Peer RelationshipsGroup Entry and Play
Poor group entry skills Lead to aggressive behaviors Optimize peer rejection May change with social skills training to
help gain acceptance for rejected children
Can you define two types of aggression?
Aggression: Behavior intended to hurt another or object
Instrumental Hostile
Under what circumstances would you most likely observe each kinds of preschool aggression?
Peer RelationshipsWhy does aggression change during
preschool years?
Peer RelationshipsDevelopment of Aggression
Aggression Theories Aggression-frustration hypothesis Reinforcement and modeling hypothesis
(Bandura) Trait aggression (genetic base) Environmental influence
Prosocial Behavior and Friendships
Prosocial behavior: Actions that benefit or help another person Development of prosocial behavior
increases during preschool years. Parental influences affect children’s
empathy.
Prosocial Behavior and Friendships
Friendships 18 months: some toddlers express
friendships 3 years: 20% of preschoolers have stable
playmate 4 Years: 30% of time spent with another
child
Early friendships become more stable with time, but are still primitive by adult standards.