Download - Bernard Veyret PIOM Laboratory College of Chemistry and Physics, Bordeaux [email protected]
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Capri, THz, 2002
Bernard VeyretPIOM Laboratory
College of Chemistry and Physics, Bordeaux
Biological Effects in the Microwave, Thz, and Infrared Regions
Biological Effects in the Microwave, Thz, and Infrared Regions
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Capri, THz, 2002
Frequency SpectrumFrequency SpectrumFrequency SpectrumFrequency Spectrum
1 GHz50/60 Hz
static RF
THz gap
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Capri, THz, 2002
HistoryHistory
• Microwaves (radars, hyperthermia)
• Mobile telephony (analog, TDAM, CDMA)
• Wireless communications
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Biophysicalintercation
Biochemical changes
Biological effect
Health effect
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Scientific approachesScientific approaches
Biological modelsDosimetry
Biological modelsDosimetry
animalsanimals
cellscells
FoundationsFoundations
epidemiologyepidemiology
humanshumans
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Sources of informationSources of information• Databases
– WHO EMF project (www.who.int/peh-emf/), IEEE, Information Venture, etc.
• Reports, Reviews– ICNIRP, WHO, …– ‘ McKinlay ’, ‘ Stewart ’, ‘ Zmirou ’ ‘ Health Canada ’,
etc.
• Scientific societies– BEMS, EBEA, URSI, etc.
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Sources of informationSources of information
• Peer-reviewed articles
Out of 31,049 refs, only one on THz!
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WHO database mobile telephony signals
WHO database mobile telephony signals
• Cancer relevant or related• completed ongoing total
epidemiology 8 18 26bioassays 6 8 14sensitized in vivo 11 7 18acute in vivo 22 5 27in vitro 50 26 76Total 97 64 161
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WHO databasemobile telephony signals
WHO databasemobile telephony signals
• Non cancer• completed ongoing total
epidemiology 4 0 4human 45 21 66acute in vivo 32 10 42in vitro 15 10 25Total 96 41 137
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WHO databaseWHO database
• mm waves: 12 references (< 94 GHz)
• THz and IR: 0 reference
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Centimetre waves ( > 3 cm)Centimetre waves ( > 3 cm)
• Mechanism: heating• Metric: SAR (W/kg)• ICNIRP basic restriction: 2 W/kg (10 g) • Dosimetry (dielectric properties, numerical
simulations, etc.): satisfactory• Epidemiology:
– Cancer: unconclusive, large study in progress– Symptoms: unconclusive
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cm wavescm waves
• Humans– Minor alterations of sleep, EEG, etc.– No evidence of hypersensitivity
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Whole-body exposure systemWhole-body exposure system
ITIS
mice
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Head-only exposureHead-only exposure
Loop antenna
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Head-mainly exposureHead-mainly exposure
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cm wavescm waves
• Animals – Cancer: negative– Blood-brain-barrier: some evidence > 1 W/kg
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In vitro: exposure systemsIn vitro: exposure systems
Petri dishes
1800 MHz
Kuster et al.
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cm wavescm waves
• Cells– Proliferation: negative– Genotoxicity: negative– Heat shock proteins: positive?
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Millimetre waves (3 cm > > 3 mm)Millimetre waves (3 cm > > 3 mm)
• Basic restriction: irradiance E ICNIRP: 10 W/m2
• Absorption by the skin
• Initial article from Germany: Grundler, W. and Keilmann, F. (1978) Nonthermal effects of millimeter microwaves on yeast growth. Z Naturforsch [C], 33, 15-22.
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mm waves in the FSUmm waves in the FSU
• Basic research and medical applications
• Betski ’s school: 10 mW/cm2 non resonant
• Sitko ’s school: µW/cm2 resonant
• Skin disorders, gastric ulcers, heart disease, and cancer
• Today, most of the Russian scientists work in Europe and USA
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mm wavesmm waves
• Main review: Pakhomov, Bioelectromagnetics, 19, 393-413 (1998)
• Main research groups: Temple University, Philadelphia, and Brooks AF base, TX, USA,
• Research activity likely to increase in the coming years (R-Lan, radar, etc.)
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Main target: skinMain target: skin
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mm waves: cancermm waves: cancer
• Carcinogenesis 2001 Oct;22(10):1701-8
• Lack of effect of 94 GHz radio frequency radiation exposure in an animal model of skin carcinogenesis
• Mason et al. Brooks, TX, USA
• 3.33 W/m2, 10 sec, twice a wk for 12 wks
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Spectrum of waterSpectrum of water
IR THz
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THz (3 mm > > 15 µm)THz (3 mm > > 15 µm)
• ICNIRP: 1000 W/m2 (1,041 µm to 1 mm,10 s to 8 h) based on thermal effects on the cornea
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Far infrared (15 µm > > 3 µm)Far infrared (15 µm > > 3 µm)
• Few studies besides the thermal effect on the cornea
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MechanismsMechanisms• Very low energy of the microwave photon
1 GHz = 4 x 10-6 eV 1 THz = 4 x 10-3 eVkT = 3 x 10-2 eV
covalent bond = 3 eVionisation = 12.5 eV
• Only well-established mechanisms is heating
• Other mechanisms are being explored and tested in
the laboratory
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ConclusionConclusion
• Most of the research is done in the cm range because of mobile communications
• Above 10 GHz, – The skin is the main target– A lot more research is needed for health risk
assessment– Exposure systems and biological models are
becoming available