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Best Practices in Data Visualization
Steven Zapolski CIA, MSAcct
Senior Market Development Consultant
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Agenda
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Course Objective
Gain an understating how technology allows auditors to use data visualization to better deliver information to our clients and to the boards and senior managements of the organizations in which we work.
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Course Description
The introduction of new technology allows auditors to use data visualization to better deliver information to our clients and to the boards and senior managements of the organizations in which we work. Our goal is to deliver actionable information quickly, in formats that are readily understandable, and delivered in ways that our users can easily access. We will take a look at industry best practices in visual presentation
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What is Data Visualization?
“The representation of information in the form of a chart, diagram, picture, etc.” Oxford Dictionary
“Data visualization transforms analytical output into visual formats, such as bubble charts, heat maps, and interactive graphs, enabling non-analysts to interpret results.” Deloitte
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Why is it data visualization important?
“It is often with impotent exasperation that a person having the knowledge see some fallacious conclusion accepted, or some wrong policy adopted, just because know facts cannot be marshaled and presented in such manner as to be effective”
Willard C. Brinton, 1914
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Best Practice in Data Visualization
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Best Practice in Data Visualization? Graphical displays should: Show the data Introduce the viewer to think about the substance rather than about methodology,
graphic design, the technology of graphic production, or something else. Avoid distorting what the data have to say Present many numbers in a small Make large data sets coherent Encourage the eye to compare different pieces of data Reveal the data as several levels of detail, from a broad overview of the fine structure Serve a reasonably clear purpose: description, exploration, tabulation, or decoration Be closely integrated with the statistical and verbal descriptions of a data set.
The Visual Display of Quantitative Information Second addition, Edward R. Tufte, 2001
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What do you need for data visualization? Rich Content Brings meaning to a graphic
Inviting visualization Interprets the content and highlights the essence of the information for the
reader Sophisticated execution Brings the content and the graphics to life
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Process for Data visualization 1. Research Use an independent source for disputable data
2. Edit Identify your key message
3. Plot Choose the right chart type to present the data
4. Review Check the data against your sources
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Charts Lines Vertical bars Horizontal bars Pies Tables
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Lines
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Lines are best used to display continuous data series over a period of time. Trends Acceleration Deceleration Vitality
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Using Lines
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Four or fewer lines Keep the maximum numbers of lines to three or four
Label the lines directly Allows viewers to focus on message
In black and white multiple-line chart, the darkest line should be the most important
In a color chart, the most important line should be one color and the others a shade of another color
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Using Lines
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Where could I use a line? Issue Data
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Using Vertical bars Vertical bars measure discrete (isolated) quantities, particularly for
measuring distinct sets of data.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Vertical bars Where is the top of the bar? Three-dimensional vertical bars are flat out wrong. The reader is left to guess where the top of the bar
meets the grid. Let the bar stand on its own The width of the bars should be about twice the width of the space between the bars
Multiple bars and legends Don’t label vertical bars with type at an angle on the x-axis. Instead, plot the data as horizontal bars. The shading of the bars should move from lightest to darkest. Keep multiple-bar charts to four or fewer categories.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Vertical bars
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Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4 Qtr1 Qtr2 Qtr3 Qtr4 Qtr2 Qtr3
2013 2014 2015
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Using Horizontal bars The horizontal are chart is most useful when ranking the items by the
same characteristic, such as ranking the countries by sales of a product.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Horizontal bars Left is negative, right is positive Align the labels on either side of the baseline or keep them all flush
left.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Horizontal bars
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Using Pies
Pie charts are good visual tools for showing portions of a whole
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Pies Larger segments on top Reading a pie chart is like reading a clock. It’s intuitive to start at 12 o’clock and go
clockwise Place the largest segment at 12 o’clock on the right to emphasize its importance The second biggest slice will go on the left The rest would follow counter clockwise
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Pies Add distinction White lines between slices
Too many slices No more than 5
Highlight the important slice Go for a bar, instead of another pie A segmented bar chart in general is more efficient than a pie chart at showing portions
of a whole
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Pies
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Closed - Verified Open Pending Started Closed - NotVerified (NoFollow-upRequired)
Implemented
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Using Pies
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Closed - Not Verified (No Follow-up
Required)6%
Closed - Verified54%
Implemented4%
Open18% Pending
12%
Started6%
Other16%
TOTAL
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Using Tables
Don’t resort to a table unless a huge amount of data has to be included and space is limited. Rows of numbers do not have any visual impact. It requires a lot of work for the reader to compare and contrast the data.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Tables Unhelpful grids The busy grid lines distract the reader from the data
Optimal visual guides Use thin rules after every three to five entries to help the reader follow the
numbers across a table Align whole numbers flush to the right Align decimal numbers of the decimal point.
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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Using Tables Where would I use a table?
“The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information Graphics”, Dona M. Wong, 2010
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References: Congressional Budget Office The Visual Display of Quantitative
Information, Dr. Edward Tufte The Wall Street Journal Guide to Information
Graphics, Dona M. Wong Show Me the Numbers, Stephen Few Data Visualization Basics, David Doney
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Questions?