Download - Bill Ontology Summit (08 feb 1400hrs) v2
Ontology Summit 12 February 2013
Bill Mandrick, PhD
Senior Ontologist
Agenda
• Background
• Previous Information Revolutions
• Ontology Defined
• Snapshot of the Method
• Return On Investment
Background
Horizontal Integration (HI) of
Warfighter Intelligence
…the ability to
exploit multiple data sources as if they are
one
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Warfighters’ Information Sharing Environment
Fire
Support
Logistics Air Operations
Intelligence
Civil-Military
Operations
Targeting
Maneuver
&
Blue
Force
Tracking
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary
Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary
of Military and Related Terms
Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations
Joint Publication 3-13 Joint Command
and Control
Joint Publication 3-24
Counterinsurgency
Joint Publication 3-57 Civil-Military
Operations
JP 3-10, Joint Security Operations in
Theater
Joint Publication 3-16 Multinational
Operations
Joint Publication 5-0 Joint Operations
Planning
Authoritative References
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/
Warfighter Lexicon Controlled Vocabulary Stable Horizontally Integrated Common Operational Picture
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Ontology(ies) that enables interoperability among members of an Operations Center
and other warfighters.
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JP 3-0
Operations
JP 2-0
Intelligence
JP 6-0
Comm
Support
JP 4-0
Logistics
JP 3-16
Multinational
Operations
JP 3-33
JTF
Headquarters
JP 1-02
DoD Dictionary
Civil-Military Operations
Area of Operations X X X X
Area of Responsibility X
X
X X
X
C2 Systems X
X
X X
Doctrinal Publications
Consistent Terminology (Data Elements, Names and Definitions)
Area of Interest X X
X
Key: word for word
Horizontal Integration of
Information
Joint Publication 6-02
Under Development
2013
A Joint Publication for H.I. needs to be developed
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Conclusion • Two Types of Integration
– Organizational (Cultural)
– Technical
• Operations Centers are Organizationally Integrated
• Joint Doctrine is the Warfighter’s Lexicon
• Lexicons and Controlled Vocabularies supposed to advance technical integration, but they fail
• Completely new approach is needed
Information Integration Revolutions
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Coordinated (Massing) Artillery Fires (1910-1940)
Dowding Radar System (1940 Battle of Britain)
1800’s Cartographic Revolution *DOTMLPF
Interoperable Semantics (example: Anatomy & Physiology)
• Standardized Labels
• Anatomical Continuants
• Physiological Occurrents
• Teachable
• Inferencing
• Horizontally Integrated
• Sharing of Observations
• Accumulated Knowledge
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Ontology Defined
Ontology Defined
Ontology is the science of representing, defining, and relating the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality.
An ontology is an exhaustive classification of entities in
some sphere of being, which results in the formulation of robust and shareable descriptions of a given domain.
(e.g. Physics, Biology, Medicine, Intelligence, etc.).
15 www.militaryontology.com
Ontology Defined
www.militaryontology.com 16
“...partial semantic account of the intended conceptualization of a
logical theory...”
Anatomy Ontology (FMA*, CARO)
Environment Ontology (EnvO)
Infectious Disease
Ontology (IDO*)
Biological Process
Ontology (GO*)
Cell Ontology
(CL)
Cellular Component
Ontology (FMA*, GO*) Phenotypic
Quality Ontology
(PaTO) Subcellular Anatomy Ontology (SAO)
Sequence Ontology (SO*) Molecular
Function (GO*) Protein Ontology
(PRO*)
Extension Strategy + Modular Organization 17
top level
mid-level
domain level
Information Artifact Ontology
(IAO)
Ontology for Biomedical
Investigations (OBI)
Spatial Ontology (BSPO)
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO)
Levels of Ontology
Common Upper Ontology (BFO)
Mid-Level Ontologies
Low-Level Ontologies
Guarantees consistency and interoperability at
lower levels
Developed by Domain Subject Matter Experts
Organizing effect similar to the JP’s…act as a nexus between lower and upper
levels
Dealing with Time
Building
instance_of Educational Facility
Production Facility
Storage Facility
has_role at t1
Artifact
is_a
has_role at t2
has_role at t3
Warehouse Manager Role
Key Leader Role
Brother Role
Person
Agent
instance_of
is_a
has_role at t1
has_role at t2
has_role at t3
Dealing with Time
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Orders of Reality
1st Order Reality as it is.
2nd Order Participant perceptions, ideas,
thoughts, goals…
3rd Order. Records, data, symbols,
models…
The gaps between the orders of reality introduce risk. These gaps are not the only form of risk but reducing these gaps contributes to reducing risk.
Ontology Types
Asserted (Reference) Ontology
created manually by its ontology developers to conform to certain principles, the most important of which concerns the explicit declaration of the is_a relations between its terms.
Inferred (Application) Ontology
results when multiple asserted ontologies (or portions of asserted ontologies) are merged – which means: combined
together into a single ontology – and an automatic reasoner is used to infer new relations on the basis of the merged
content.
Asserted Ontologies Region.water.distanceBetweenLatrinesAndWaterSource
Tribal Region
Area Of Operations
Geospatial Region
Village
Water Source
Latrine
Well
Pond
Cesspool Act Of Measurement
Act Of Analysis
Act Of Observation
Act
Measurement Result
Depth Measurement
Result
Height Measurement Result
Distance Measurement Result
Geographic Coordinates
Latitude Longitude
Coordinates
Military Grid Reference System
Coordinates Universal
Transverse Mercator
Coordinates
Relating Asserted Ontologies Region.water.fecalOrOralTransmittedDiseases
Virus
Protozoan
Microorganism
Bacterium
Water Source
Latrine
Well
Pond
Cesspool Pathogen
Role
Consumable Role
Medicinal Role
Role
Disease
Hepatitis A
Shigellosis Cholera
Event
Contamination Event
Epidemic Event
Disease Transmission
Event
has_role
has_location
part_of cause_of
Ontologies We Have
• Agent Ontology (Person and Organization)
• Artifact Ontology (Technical, Facility…)
• Emotion Ontology
• Event Ontology (Natural, Mil Ops, IED…)
• Geospatial Feature Ontology
• Information Artifact (Name, Grid Coordinates, Measurement, Map, Image, Report…)
• Infectious Disease Ontology
• etc…
Admin Page
Every term in the ontology will have an authoritative definition and unique ID
Every term in the ontology will have an authoritative definition and unique ID
Person Roles
To create ontologies which evolve consistently is very hard… very, very hard…
but the ROI is worth it!
Snapshot of the Method
Repeatable Processes
Developed though repeated observation, abstraction, and
documentation
32 The Repeatable Targeting Process
The Repeatable Process for the...
Military Decision Making
Process (MDMP)...
as depicted in Doctrine
This is a highly refined and documented process
All Leaders, Planners, and Decision-Makers are well
versed in the MDMP
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Scoping the Domain
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Scope the Domain
Subject Matter Expert (SME) Interaction
Identify Authoritative References
Survey Authoritative References
Define the Domain
Describe the Domain
Devise Metrics
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Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate
Dictionary
Joint Publication 1-02 DoD Dictionary
of Military and Related Terms
Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations
Joint Publication 3-13 Joint Command
and Control
Joint Publication 3-24
Counterinsurgency
Joint Publication 3-57 Civil-Military
Operations
JP 3-10, Joint Security Operations in
Theater
Joint Publication 3-16 Multinational
Operations
Joint Publication 5-0 Joint Operations
Planning
Authoritative References
http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/ 37
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What is the baseline definition/description for this domain? What are the primary activities involved in this domain? What are the subordinate activities in this domain? Who participates in these activities? What environment do these activities take place in? What are the intended outcomes of these activities? What are the intended products of these activities? What information is consumed in these activities? Who consumes this information? What information is produced by these activities?
Where is this information found?
Where is this information stored?
What organizations are involved in this domain?
How are these organizations related?
What do these outputs contribute to?
What is the relation between agents and organizations in this domain?
What are the ultimate goals for the domain?
What are the subordinate goals for the domain?
What larger enterprise/objective does this domain contribute to?
What happens if these activities fail to produce their intended outcomes?
Metrics: 20 Questions for C2 Related Domains
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Create Initial Lexicon
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Joint Operation Planning Process: Planning activities associated with joint military operations by combatant commanders and their subordinate joint force commanders in response to contingencies and crises. Joint operation planning includes planning for the mobilization, deployment, employment, sustainment, redeployment, and demobilization of joint forces. (Joint Publication 3-0 Joint Operations)
Planning Activity Joint Military Operation Combatant Commander
Subordinate Joint Force
Commander
Contingency Event
Crisis Event
Mobilization Event
Deployment Event
Employment Event
Sustainment Event
Redeployment Event
Demobilization
Joint Force Planning Process Response
Building the Domain Lexicon
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Definitions
Attack Geography:
A description of the geography surrounding the IED
incident, such as road segment, buildings, foliage,
etc. Understanding the geography indicates enemy
use of landscape to channel tactical response, slow
friendly movement, and prevent pursuit of enemy
forces.
IED Attack Geography:
A Geospatial Region where some IED Incident takes
place.
IED Attack Geography Description:
A Description of the physical features of some
Geospatial Region where an IED Incident takes
place.
Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)
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Method of Emplacement:
A description of where the device was delivered, used, or
employed. (original definition)
Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)
Method of IED Emplacement: A systematic procedure used in the positioning of an Improvised Explosive Device. Method of IED Emplacement Description: A description of the systematic procedure used in the positioning of an Improvised Explosive Device.
Example 2: Method of Emplacement
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Example 3: Method of Employment
Method of Employment:
A description of where the device was delivered, used, or
employed. (original definition)
Original “Definition” Improved Definition(s)
Method of IED Employment: A systematic procedure used in the delivery of an Improvised Explosive Device. Method of IED Employment Description: A description of the systematic procedure used in the delivery of an Improvised Explosive Device.
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Create Initial Ontology
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Revisions Process
with SME’s
SME Feedback
Military Ontology is the task of establishing and representing the salient types of entities and relations in a given domain (Battlespace)
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Ontology Review
Publish and Share
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MilPortal
Ontology Name Terms Contact
Emotion Ontology 320 Janna Hastings
Facility Ontology 349 Ron Rudnicki
Geospatial Feature Ontology 321 USGS
Human Physical Characteristic Ontology 233 I2WD
Infectious Disease Ontology 508 Lindsay Cowell
Information Artifact Ontology 485 Ron Rudnicki
Organization Ontology 289 Bill Mandrick
Social Event Ontology 215 WWHGD WG
Threat Ontology 259 Bill Mandrick
Return On Investment
• Prerequisite for H.I.
• Standardized Process
• DOTMLPF driven
• Perspective Neutral
• Evolutionary Process
• Modular and Extensible
• Facilitate Inter-Organizational Semantics
• Avoid Redundancies
Collaboration
• DoD CIO Office of Information Sharing
• NSA
• NGA
• JIEDDO
• World Wide Human Geography Data Working Group (WWHGD-WG)
• Others…
Backup Slides