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Scope for the IPM standard What is a CEN standard? Xxxxxx
CEN/TC 346 www.cen.eu
This European standard defines IPM principles and describes procedural as well as physical and practical methods for preventing and reducing pests and responding to pest infestations/ contaminations within cultural heritage. This standard aims to give a comprehensive standard method of managing pest problems for end users such as museums, archives, libraries, historic houses, places of worship, art dealers and auction rooms, art transportation companies and commercial storage companies. This standard applies to collections and buildings hosting collections and their environment. The standard will be submitted to CEN enquiry in 2014
Austria, www.as-institute.at Belgium, www.nbn.be Bulgaria, www.bds-bg.org Croatia, www.hzn.hr Cyprus, www.cys.org.cy Czech Republic, www.unmz.cz Denmark, www.ds.dk Estonia, www.evs.ee Finland, www.sfs.fi France, www.afnor.org, Germany, www.din.de Greece, www.elot.gr Hungary, www.mszt.hu Iceland, www.stadlar.is Ireland, www.nsai.ie Italy, www.uni.com Latvia, www.lvs.lv Lithuania, www.lsd.lt Luxembourg, www.ilnas.public.lu Malta, www.mccaa.org.mt The Netherlands, www.nen.nl Norway, www.standard.no Poland, www.pkn.pl Portugal, www.ipq.pt Romania, www.asro.ro Slovakia, www.sutn.sk Slovenia, www.sist.si Spain, www.aenor.es Sweden, www.sis.se Switzerland, www.snv.ch The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, www.isrm.gov.mk Turkey, www.tse.org.tr United Kingdom, www.bsigroup.com
Integrated Pest Management for Cultural Heritage - Creating a European Standard
Lisa Nilsen & Ingela Chef Holmberg, Swedish National Heritage Board
A standard is a document established by consensus, approved by a recognized body that provides for common and repeated use. Standards are based on the consolidated results of science, technology and experience. They are aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits. CEN's National Members are the National Standards Bodies (NSBs) of the 27 European Union countries, Croatia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, and Turkey plus three countries of the European Free Trade Association (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland). There is one member per country. If you want to participate in commenting the draft, contact your national standardisation body (see below).
• IPM strategy
• Policies and procedures, IPM coordinator, training and information
• Preventive measures – avoid, block, detect and respond
• Annexes: General chapter with
characterization of insect pests, rodents, mould and other pests, description of treatment methods, check lists, etc.
Content
The standard is part of CEN/TC 346 Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Working Group 4 – Protection of Collections.
Contact info: [email protected]
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. Founded in 1877. A charitable company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales.
Company No. 5743962. Charity No. 111 3753. VAT No. 577 4276 02.
Preventative conservation of large scale geology and biodiversity (places of worship and their surrounding burial grounds) using the ten agents of deterioration and the risk assessment methodology. Andrew, K.J , Regional Project Officer, SPAB Maintenance Co-operatives Project email: [email protected] www.spabmcp.org.uk
The Society for the Preservation of Ancient Buildings (SPAB) has a three year project supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund to create Maintenance Co-operatives for Places of Worship in five re-
gions of England. The project will improve the maintenance (preventative conserva-tion) of places of worship by training vol-unteers to monitor buildings and under-take basic maintenance tasks.
Synergies exist between places of worship and museums, particularly natural history museums. The majority are built of stone, so understanding geology is important. They contain objects - mixed media deco-rative and fine art fixtures and fittings from the medieval to the contemporary. Most contain structural timbers and wooden fittings, so knowledge of inte-grated pest management is important. The buildings and their surroundings pro-vide habitats for bats, owls, peregrines, reptiles, invertebrates and flora as diverse as lichens and rare orchids. Responsibility for places of worship lies with the congregation and in the Church of England, is vested in Churchwardens; all volunteers. As in museums, volunteers have variable skill sets and knowledge. Since the 1950s, care of religious buildings has been seen as an “expert” task but with dwindling congregations and far fewer priests, especially in rural areas, this needs to change.
Kate Andrew, the Herefordshire and Worcestershire officer is using the ten agents of deterioration and the risk as-sessment methodology to train
colleagues and volunteers. The approach will aid baseline survey assessments and the creation of management plans for places of worship so that day to day
preventative conservation can be taken in hand at a community level.
Five regions of operation, Here-fordshire and Worcestershire in blue
Physical forces - active places of worship within this region include several buildings that are over 1,000 years old. Evidence of type 1 historic damage and its mitigation is there-
fore quite common, usually caused by later alterations and enlargements of buildings. With several active geologi-cal faults running through the region, type 2 risks such as minor earth tremors occur at a frequency of once every three to five years.
Type 3 risks due to the length of time buildings have been in use are normal, for example erosion of stone steps and floors due to the passage of feet over time. Type 3 risks created by erosion of mortar or footings by rain water have the potential to create catas-trophic failure. Fire - fire remains an ever present risk in churches both from external sources such as lightning strike or arson but also from poorly main-tained electrical appliances and candles used within services. With little fire compartmentalisation, the damage caused will usually be of a type 1 level unless the incident occurs whilst the building is in use. As metal prices rise, the risk of theft of lightning conductors increases and so creates an additional type 1 risk. Water - direct damage from water ingress into church build-ings is the most commonly recognised risk to places of worship
but it also causes damage from physical forces, incor-rect relative humidity and contaminants. Poorly main-tained rainwater collection and removal systems are the most frequent cause of water related damage, but missing or broken roof cover-ings are also common causes. Water ingress can lead to collapse of ceilings, erosion of mortar and col-lapse of walls, severe salt ef-
florescence, mould and algae growth. Flooding from rivers is increasingly a problem due to the effects of climate change.
Criminals - with the rise in value of scrap metal, a wave of thefts of lead roof covering has afflicted places of worship.
Changes to the law improved this for a few years, but criminals are now exploiting a loop hole and damage is starting to occur again. Theft to order of medieval carvings and fittings is also becoming a problem.
Collapse of the west front of Hereford Cathedral in April 1786 —Herefordshire Heritage Services
Electric heaters dating from the 1970s without any indication of portable ap-pliance testing could present at least a type 2 or even a type 1 risk.
A failed valley gutter, feeding a rainwater hopper than is not attached to the down-pipe or gulley is causing severe type 2 to type 3 problems in the surrounding walls
The floor of this church close to the river Wye in Herefordshire was covered by 30cm of water in January of this year. Good drainage and subsequent ventila-tion means that only a few areas of floor remain damp from this type 1 risk
Water running down the inside of the wall due to failed parapet gutters has etched channels some 3mm deep into the alabaster on this wall plaque.
Leaded window damaged by criminals using the window sill to access the roof.
Lead partially stripped from the valley gutter and parapet
Pests—woodboring beetles, both Anobium punctatum and Xestobium rufovilosum are the most common insect pests in places of worship, their activity is enabled by high relative hu-midity within wooden fittings and structural timbers. Vestments, alter cloths, banners, flags, hangings, kneelers and carpeting also provide food sources for moths, carpet and fur beetles. With bird and mammals roosting and nesting and la-dybirds and some butterfly species overwintering in places of worship, infestations that be-gan in corpses, can, with damp conditions and poor house-keeping go on to damage fine art textiles. Vertebrate species that use places of worship as habitats are not pest species although they can be viewed as such. Contaminants— bat roosts in places of worship can cause significant type 2 contamination problems from faeces and
urine. Since all bats species are protected under UK law, they can-not be disturbed, dislodged or even handled without a licence. Surviving older church furniture tends to be made of oak, since oak heartwood is not easily de-stroyed by woodboring beetles. As a consequence, oak is often the material of choice for new fit-tings, despite it off-gassing car-boxylic acids which in an enclosed
space will cause type 3 damage. Light and UV radiation - windows in places of worship have be-come progressively larger as glass tech-nology has evolved over ten centuries. Screening for UV is difficult on historic glass and there is little tradition of shut-ters or curtains in these settings. Tex-tiles in particular are at significant risk, the John Piper tapestries at Hereford Ca-thedral have faded significantly from type 3 risk.
Incorrect temperature - With the high cost of energy, type 3 dam-age from too high a temperature is not likely to be a risk, except per-haps where under-floor heating fuelled by biomass boilers is being installed as places of worship are re-ordering. Type 2 damage to water bearing pipework can occur from temperatures below freezing, type 2 risks can also be created by spot-lighting.
Incorrect relative humidity - most places of worship built before 1920 will be of solid wall construction and bonded with lime or earth based mortars. Such walls are stable pro-vided they have “dry boots and a hat” . Damage from high relative humidity can occur where walls are saturated with water from flooding or failures in roofs or rainwater removal systems. Subsequent evaporation of water and reduction of RH will be severely hin-dered if cement based mortar and ren-der or film forming plastic paints are used on surfaces. In this case, move-ment of efflorescent salts moves from a type 2 to a type 3 risk and will cause disintegration of poorly cemented rock types and spalling of bricks. Dissociation—many places of worship are subject to peri-odic professional inspections. The SPABMCP project has started to identify and address a lack of awareness, record keeping and effective mobilisation of voluntary input to work alongside the limited professional attention that places of worship receive.
Bat roosts are common in church towers—note also the physical damage to the stone steps.
Recently conserved medieval cope displayed in an oak framed display case –no sign of a barrier film, is the glass uv filtered?
Wall paintings tend to be executed in earth pigments and in a fresco technique, so are not susceptible to light damage
This church now has both under-floor heating and a kitchen, fol-lowing a re-ordering—it was un-comfortably warm in the more enclosed spaces
Salt efflorescence on an inter-nal wall caused by a blocked downpipe
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532nm 10ns pulses effectively removed aged shellac from the fossilized ivory sample. The transparent adhesive on the fossilized bone could be slowly removed by the 100ns 1064nm laser, which caused the PVA to soften, clump up, and separate from the surface. Removal required some mechanical assistance via a dental tool that caused minor damage. However, when the tool was replaced with a brush, damage was avoided. The 10ns 1064nm pulses caused immediate removal of the PVA by secondary spallation. Adding a liquid during laser cleaning creates an insulation layer that prevents re-adhesion of the softened adhesive and also wicks into the interface between the adhesive and the surface. When the laser vaporizes the liquid, it creates an expanding burst of steam that helps detach the adhesive.
The systematic testing protocol used to determine optimal cleaning parameters and damage thresholds on examples of fossilized material demonstrates the viability of laser cleaning as a tool in the conservation of natural history specimens. This study does not cover all possible laser parameters; however, it does offer an informed starting point for further fine-tuning. Traditional mechanical cleaning can cause damage to the surface and chemical cleaning carries the risk of driving solubilized adhesive deeper into the pores of a material. These phenomena were not observed via wet laser cleaning during the course of this study. 10ns pulses are faster than 100ns pulse at coating removal and do not appear deleterious to the surface of the samples. Since the adhesives removed were not applied by the authors, the condition of the specimens’ surface prior to laser testing is unknown; additional testing with mockups is warranted. Laser cleaning in the realm of conservation does not exist in a vacuum. Rather, it is a complement to tried and true methods firmly established in the field. Fine tuning the laser and accompanying mechanical techniques for cleaning provide a safe, effective, and efficient system for removing stubborn coatings and adhesives. By establishing a testing protocol, laser cleaning can boost both efficacy and often efficiency in the removal of old coatings. However, further exploration into the mechanism of cleaning effects on various materials is an avenue for continued study.
Laser Technology in Natural Sciences Conservation: An Approach to Selecting Parameters and Techniques
Rebecca A. Kaczkowski1,2 and Bartosz A. Dajnowski3
1Winterthur/University of Delaware Program in Art Conservation, Newark, DE 2National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
3Conservation of Sculpture & Objects Studio, Inc., Chicago, IL
Despite being a firmly established technology in other scientific and conservation disciplines, lasers and their applications to the conservation of natural science specimens are presently limited in the USA. The possibility of cleaning a surface without mechanically touching it presents new possibilities for treating friable and fragile surfaces. Additionally, laser ablation can be applied as a complementary technique to traditional aqueous, chemical, and mechanical cleaning methodology. Such precision would be ideal for the removal of aged or disfiguring coatings, field preparation materials, or other deposits where traditional methods prove coarse or ineffective. Depending on laser parameters chosen, a range of photomechanical, photochemical, and photothermal phenomena may be observed. Selecting the ideal parameters for minimizing physical or chemical change to a specimen while optimizing cleaning effects, however, can be daunting and is not universal to all materials or applications. This research explores the effects of modifying various laser parameters such as wavelength, fluence, pulse duration, and frequency and wet and dry techniques on the surface of fossil and bone to determine material sensitivity, damage thresholds, and to target safe cleaning protocols. This is a preliminary study incorporating teaching collections from the Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History.
and Bartosz A. Dajnowski
APPLYING THE APPROACH
INTRODUCTION
Cleaning via laser ablation relies on exploiting the variations in the light absorption properties of materials, which are dependent on chemical and physical properties of the unwanted layer versus the substrate. Ideal laser cleaning parameters involve a high level of discrimination between the contaminant layer, which absorbs the monochromatic laser energy, and the substrate layer that does not. Depending on factors such as the wavelength, energy density, pulse duration, and working method, an ideal mixture of photochemical, photomechanical, and photothermal effects can be used to achieve the desired level of cleaning with minimal impact on the substrate. When the laser is set to remove layers from the top of a surface the process is called ablation. When the laser is set to penetrate through a layer and to cause separation at the interface between two layers, the process is called secondary spallation. Liquids may be added to a surface during laser cleaning to reduce the risk of thermal and photochemical effects, since ablation occurs under a film of water. The laser can also vaporize water, creating a micro steam cleaning effect.
LASER CLEANING THEORY Laser cleaning follows a systematic and scientific approach to identify optimal cleaning parameters as well as damage thresholds to avoid. Mockup samples are prepared for initial testing that imitate as closely as possible the conditions found on the specimen to be cleaned. The images on the left illustrate a testing protocol performed with a 1064nm laser with 100ns pulses on smoke-damaged granite (fig. 1). Laser parameters are systematically tested and examined (table 1). From left to right on the grid (fig. 2) frequency increases with each spot (1, 5, and 10 shots, respectively). From the top to the bottom, fluence increases. At a given laser energy output, a smaller spot means a relatively higher fluence than a larger spot. Fluence, also known as energy density, is calculated as joules per square centimeter:
F = J/cm!
Once a fluence is identified that achieves the desired result without damaging the substrate, these parameters are next tested on a larger area (fig. 3) to examine the overall effect on a surface. A range of optimal parameters are thus identified. Testing can proceed in small, discrete areas on the specimen.
DEVELOPING A PROTOCOL
EXAMPLE 1: LASER AS INDEPENDENT TECHNIQUE EXAMPLE 2: LASER AS COMPLEMENTARY TECHNIQUE
The authors would like to recognize the following for their generous contributions to this research:
Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections Fitzgerald Travel Award Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works George Stout Award Dr. Edward F. and Elizabeth Goodman Rosenberg Charitable Trust National Museum of Natural History: Catharine Hawks, Kathy Hollis, Dr. Nicholas Pyenson Winterthur Museum & the University of Delaware: Dr. Jennifer Mass, Elizabeth Shaeffer
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Cleaning Strategy:
Fig. 6: FTIR spectrum of adhesive (red) overlaid with reference spectrum for shellac (purple).
Fossilized Ivory
Specimen & Adhesive Characterization: The specimen is an Eocene terrestrial mammal tooth (possibly uintathere) with a complex history of applied coatings and adhesives; this is particularly evident under long-wave ultraviolet radiation (365nm) (figs. 4 and 5). Residues of an older, dark adhesive are present in the interstices, and a newer, transparent coating exists over the entirety of the tooth. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy characterized the dark adhesive in the tooth’s interstices as shellac (fig. 6).
Fossilized Bone
Specimen & Adhesive Characterization: The specimen is a rib fragment of a Miocene dolphin with an adhesive applied to one side, likely as a mounting material. The adhesive is translucent and flexible in normal light and exhibits a light greenish-blue autofluorescence under long-wave ultraviolet radiation (figs. 7 and 8). Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy characterized the adhesive as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) (fig. 9).
Cleaning Strategy:
Fig. 9: FTIR spectrum of adhesive sample (red) overlaid with reference spectrum for PVA (purple).
Figs. 7 & 8: fossilized bone, normal light and long-wave UV, before testing.
Figs. 4 & 5: fossilized ivory, normal light and long-wave UV, before testing.
Fig. 2: Laser testing grid
Fig. 3: Larger testing areas
Fig. 1: Mockup of smoke-damaged granite
Surface Testing 1064nm laser
wet (upper) vs. dry (lower)
Area D: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser only
BEFORE
AFTER
AFTER (UV)
Area C: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser + wet brush
BEFORE DURING
AFTER (UV) AFTER
MECHANICAL
Area B: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser + dental tool
AFTER (UV)
AFTER DETAIL
DETAIL (UV)
Area A: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser
wet (upper) vs. dry (lower)
AFTER (UV) AFTER
Fossilized Ivory, BEFORE TESTING, Normal Light
Fossilized Ivory, AFTER TESTING, Long-Wave UV
Area A: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser
Surface Testing 532nm laser
Wet (left) vs. Dry (right)
Area B: Adhesive Testing 1064nm laser
Area C: Adhesive Testing 532nm laser
Area D: Adhesive Testing 532nm laser
AFTER (UV) AFTER
AFTER (UV) AFTER
AFTER (UV) AFTER
AFTER AFTER (UV)
Parameters Observations
●10ns pulses ●760, 1520mJ ●2Hz ●2mm spot
No Change
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●130, 380mJ ●2Hz, 7Hz ●2mm spot ●wet
No Change
●100ns pulses ●380mJ ●7Hz ●1mm spot ●wet
Ablation with some associated DAMAGE to ivory substrate
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●380mJ ●1Hz, 10Hz ●2mm spot
No Change
Parameters Observations
●10ns pulses ●760, 1520mJ ●2Hz ●2mm spot ●wet
No Change
●10ns pulses ●2000mJ ●2Hz ●2mm spot ●wet
No change to shellac, but ablation of unidentified clear coating
Parameters Observations
●10ns pulses ●760, 1520mJ ●1Hz ●2mm spot
No Change
●10ns pulses ●2000mJ ●1Hz ●2mm spot
Ablation of shellac and unidentified coating
●10ns pulses ●2000mJ ●4Hz ●2mm spot
Ablation of shellac and unidentified coating; DAMAGE
RESULTS CONCLUSIONS
Table 1: Typical Laser Parameters & Ranges Parameter Value
Wavelength (nm) 1064 and 532
Pulse duration (ns) 10 and 100
Power (mJ) 130-2000
Spot size (mm) 0.5, 1, 2, 4
Fluence (J/cm2) 1-8
Wet cleaning 1:1 ethanol in reverse osmosis water
Parameters Observations
●10ns pulses ●380mJ ●5Hz ●2mm spot
Ablation via secondary spallation: FAST
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●380mJ ●2Hz, 5Hz ●2mm spot
Wet: secondary spallation Dry: little effect at low frequency; melt adhesive at high frequency: SLOW
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●130mJ ●1Hz ●2mm spot
No Change
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●380mJ ●5Hz ●2mm spot ●wet
Ablation & mechanical action; small bits of bone embedded in adhesive: SLOW WITH DAMAGE
Parameters Observations
●100ns pulses ●380mJ ●5Hz ●2mm spot ●wet brush
Ablation & mechanical action: SLOW
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Is this Scottish fish caught in August, 1830, the oldest stuffed tuna in the world?
Displayed in the Hunterian Zoology Museum today is a large stuffed Bluefin tuna, Thynnus thynnus (Linnaeus, 1758). This remarkable specimen has a well-documented history and may well be the oldest tuna mount surviving in a museum today. It encapsulates a potted history of a significant element of the zoological collections in Glasgow.
Hunterian Museum (Zoology)
Maggie Reilly, The Hunterian (Zoology Museum), University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk
References 1. Scouler, J., 1833 The tunny (Scomber thynnus L.) ... [ in Gairloch]. Magazine of natural history 6 (36): 529. 2. Reilly M. and Sutcliffe R. in Nelson C., 2014, John Scouler Scottish Naturalist a life, with two voyages, Glasgow Natural History Society 3. Collette B and 23 others (2011). "Thunnus thynnus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
A report in The Scotsman newspaper on 1 September 1830 proclaimed: “Fine Mackerel!” – on Friday last a fish of the mackerel species (Scomber Thynnus) of enormous size was caught in a herring net in the Gaerloch. It is nearly ten feet in length, and nine in circumference. We are happy to learn that this magnificent specimen is to be preserved in the Andersonian Museum.”
Atlantic bluefin tuna migrate along the British west coast and this individual swam in pursuit of a shoal of herring up the Firth of Clyde opposite Greenock, only to be snared in fishermen’s nets. It was taken to the Glasgow Fish Market where it was acquired by Dr John Scouler curator of the city’s Andersonian Museum and he arranged for it to be preserved. Scouler published a note on the specimen in 1833, noting that it ‘exceeded the average size being nine feet in length’.1
Dr John Scoular
It was originally on a stand with two poles supporting it from beneath and can be seen below in this 1831 engraving of the Andersonian Museum – it is on the left side of the staircase at the back.
The Hunterian was the first public museum in Scotland, opening in 1807 and founded on the collections of Dr William Hunter, the Scottish anatomist and obstetrician.
This 1831 watercolour by J.A. Gilfillan shows the handsome interior of the Andersonian Museum which was part of Anderson’s College which eventually became Strathclyde University in the mid 20th century. The Andersonian Museum was disbanded in 1888 and most of its zoological collections including the tuna were given to the Hunterian. 2
By 1888 the University had moved to new premises in the west end of Glasgow and in this 1890’s photograph, the tuna is just visible on the top of the showcase behind the pillar to the left of the tiger.
In 1923, John Graham Kerr, Regius Professor of Zoology, removed the Zoology collections from the main Hunterian to install them in a fine purpose-built gallery in the new Zoology Building ,which now bears his name. In this 1950’s photograph the Museum is benched out as a teaching lab. The tuna on its stand is clearly visible on the right. In the 1970’s the tuna was partly restored, the pole supports removed and wires attached to suspend it from the Museum ceiling .
Tuna are fast swimming, ocean-going predaceous fish. They are extensively fished commercially. Tuna fishing caught on as a game sport in the UK in the 1920’s and there were several years of record catches through most fish merely entered the record books but were not preserved. Overfishing of Bluefin tuna has led to significant decline in numbers and they are now listed as endangered by the IUCN.3 Large Bluefin tuna now sell for huge sums in the Japanese restaurant market, e.g. over one million dollars paid for a single large fish in 2013. This tuna has survived almost 200 years to surprise, impress and educate audiences today. To date our researches have not revealed an older preserved specimen of a tuna. Is this the oldest stuffed tuna in the world?
