Biofuel Programs in Thailand : A Solution for Energy Sufficiency
and Poverty Eradication? “
Dr.Samai Jai-In, Specialist, National Metal and Materials
Technology Center,NSTDA,Thailandwww.mtec.or.th
Bangladesh2000 : 130 M2025 : 204 M2050 : 279 M
China2000: 1268 M2025: 1453 M2050 : 1424 M
IndiaIndia2000 : 1080M2000 : 1080M2025 : 1361 M2025 : 1361 M2050 : 1601 M2050 : 1601 M
Indonesia2000: 224 M2025: 300 M2050 : 336 M
Philippines2000: 79 M2025: 118 M2050 : 147 M
Thailand-Vietnam-Myanmar-Cambodia-Laos2000 :62+79+45+12.5+5.5 = 204M2025 : 71+100+53+19+9 = 252M2050 :69+108+54+25+13 = 269M
Total Population > 4,000M in 2050!
Threats and Opportunities in GMS
• Population Stress !• Envir Stress ! Global Warming and Climate Change • Econ. Stress! Impact of Energy Import VS
Agricultural Commodity Export• Social Stress ! Energy Security--------• Sustainable Agriculture Development for
Food/Feed/Fuel/Fibre and CDM• Regional Co-operation and Poverty Eradication
ABC / Fires : Indochina 24.03.05 (NASA Terra Sat. Picture)
www.earthobservatory.nasa.gov4th March, 2007 by Aqua satellite
Source : NASA’s Aqua Sattellite, 20/02/2006
Environmental Sustainability ?
PM and Smoke Emissions
GDP and Sectorial Performance (data from The Bank of Thailand)
398 438 447 499 436 444 469 514 616 669 722
4,186.2
4,611.0 4,732.6 4,626.4 4,637.14,922.7
5,133.5
5,450.6
5,917.4
6,489.8
7,087.7
0.0
1,000.0
2,000.0
3,000.0
4,000.0
5,000.0
6,000.0
7,000.0
8,000.0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 p
Bill
ion
Bah
t
AgricultureNon-AgricultureGross Domestic Product (GDP)
Energy Import (source : EPPO)
284,373 286,953346,057
486,627
644,933
753,783
28,522 25,817
30,735
41,533
55,680
60,253
30,559 35,073
42,635
46,053
62,827
77,843
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
900,000
1,000,000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
M.B
aht
ELECTRICITYCOALNATURAL GASPETROLEUM PRODUCTSCRUDE OIL
Oil shock=16%
Oil shock=8%
Agriculture Export VS Fuel&Lub. Import (Data from The Bank of Thailand)
4,771
6,3145,794
3,4064,766
7,559 7,445 7,435
8,937
13,150
20,828
25,043
8,070
10,225
7,848
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Agriculture ExportFuel and Lubricant Import
M.USD Petroleum Import =14.9% of Import=12% of GDPTotal Energy Expenditure = 19.4% of GDP
2000Hydrocarbon Econ
2010
2020
Linkages
Linkages
2030 CarbohydrateEconomy
H2 - rich Biogas
Fuel cells, H2 storage
H2 from SynGas
H2H2
hydrocarbonshydrocarbons
Biofuel
Development
Biofuel
Development
Bio Oil - Pyrolysis
Ethanol from starch/sugar
CH4 – rich Biogas
Biodiesel
Ethanol from cellulose
SynGas
Biomass Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle ( BIGCC)
Polygeneration of energy, chemicals and H2
From proof of concept to implementation
Technology readily
available
Need specification and market for co-products
Limited experiences and further R&D needed
Direct combustion
Diesohol
(Adapted from N Dumrongchai
Target 2012Target 2012•• E10 : 10% of Ethanol in Gasoline E10 : 10% of Ethanol in Gasoline •• B10 : 10% of B10 : 10% of BiodieselBiodiesel in Diesel in Diesel •• NGV : 20% of Transport Fuels NGV : 20% of Transport Fuels
Royal Royal ChitraladaChitraladaProjectsProjects
•• 1985 : Ethanol from Molasses 1985 : Ethanol from Molasses UnitUnit
•• 1995 : Expansion 1995 : Expansion •• 2001 : Dehydration Units2001 : Dehydration Units•• 2001 : Diesel2001 : Diesel--Palm (Refined)Palm (Refined)•• Several RD&D, Product Dev., Several RD&D, Product Dev.,
Information Campaigns.Information Campaigns.•• Fleet Trials since 1986Fleet Trials since 1986•• 19.09.2000 : National Ethanol 19.09.2000 : National Ethanol
PolicyPolicy•• 2007 : Gasohol 95 / Gasohol 91 2007 : Gasohol 95 / Gasohol 91
in > 4000 Stationsin > 4000 Stations
Ethanol Program in Thailand• Revival of National Ethanol Program since 1999-2000.
Government Policy in Sept. 2000• Inspiration from development initiatives by HM King
Bhumipol since 1970s and pilot plant since1985• Valuable experiences in technical/economic areas
from Trindade’s study and later from ISAF XIII in 2000 in Stockholm, hosted ISAFXIV in Phuket Thailand in 2002.
• International Member of Governor Ethanol Coalitions • 1st Country in Asia to announce National Policy for
both Bioethanol(19.09.2000) and Biodiesel(10.07.2001)
Gasoline Price Baht/Lt. in Thailand
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05
Oct-05
Nov-05
Dec-05
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
May-06
Jun-06
Jul-06
Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Gasohol95 B/Lt.Gasoline95 B/Lt.
ULG and Gasohol Price Structure at 18/2/07
14.9838 15.6216 14.5362 15.2188
3.6850 3.31653.6850 3.3165
3.46001.5000 3.2600 1.5000
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
ULG 95 GASOHOL95 ULG 91 GASOHOL91
VATMARKETING MARGINCONSV. FUNDOIL FUND (1)M. TAX B./LITRETAX B./LITREEX-REFIN. (AVG)
Total incentives to refiners = 2.49 B/LOf Gasohol95, = 24.9 B/L blending credit
Gasoline95 and Gasohol95(e10) Sales in Thailand
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Jan-05
Feb-05
Mar-05
Apr-05
May-05
Jun-05
Jul-05
Aug-05
Sep-05
Oct-05
Nov-05
Dec-05
Jan-06
Feb-06
Mar-06
Apr-06
May-06
Jun-06
Jul-06
Aug-06
Sep-06
Oct-06
Nov-06
Dec-06
Mill
ion
Litr
es/D
ay
Gasoline95Gasohol95
Source : N.Nattasomboon, Ethanol and Biofuels Asia 2006
Projected Demand for Domestic Use
Production Capacity
Ethanol Production CapacitySugar cane and Molasses• 4 Existing Plants : 475 KL/d• 18 Projects : 2.42 ML/d to
come on line by 2008
Cassava• 2 Existing Plants : 280 KL/d• 29 Projects : 8.3 ML/d to come
on line by 2008
Total Existing Production Capacity : 755 KL/d
Projected Production Capacity in 2008 : 11.6 ML/d
World number 3rd after Brazil and USA ?
ThaiThai--yuanyuan Ethanol, cassava plant Ethanol, cassava plant 130,000L/d, 130,000L/d, KonkaenKonkaen ThailandThailand
Thai Agro Energy Co. Ltd.150,000 L/d Molasses Ethanol, Supanburi, Thailand
BiodieselBiodiesel ProgramProgram–– Royal Initiatives in 1985Royal Initiatives in 1985–– Royal Guidance in November 2000Royal Guidance in November 2000–– DemonstrationDemonstration of Diesel Palm of Diesel Palm
((RefinedRefined)) by Royal Fleetsby Royal Fleets–– Eureka Eureka 20012001 :: HM The KingHM The King’’s s
InitiativesInitiatives–– Cabinet Cabinet ResRes.. 10.07.200110.07.2001 :: Promotion Promotion
of of BiodieselBiodiesel ((EsterEster),), Vegetable Oil blendsVegetable Oil blends
–– CabinetCabinet ResRes.. 17.05.200417.05.2004 ::•• palm oil plantationpalm oil plantation•• biodieselbiodiesel admixtureadmixture•• dual fuel dual fuel && niche market schemeniche market scheme
–– Cabinet Cabinet ResRes.. 18.01.200518.01.2005•• BB1010 Mandate by Mandate by 20122012•• Require Require 8585 BiodieselBiodiesel Plants for Plants for
8.58.5MLPD MLPD OutputOutput
–– ตนแบบไบตนแบบไบโอดีเซลชุมชนโอดีเซลชุมชน
HRH Princess Sirindhorn : Openning Biodieselplant,Chitralada Palace 7.05.2004
Diesel and Biodiesel B5 Price Structure at 18/2/07
16.0274 16.4550
2.3050 2.1898
1.5000 0.5500
1.68021.8655
1.52691.4942
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
H-DIESEL(0.035%S) Biodiesel (B5)
Bah
t/Lt.
VATMARKETING MARGINCONSV. FUNDOIL FUND (1)M. TAXTAXEX-REFIN.
Total incentives to refiners = 1.13 B/L of B5Retail Price Diff = 0.5 B/L, Blending credit =22.26 B/L.
3 Plants with production capacity 600,000 L/d400 stations selling B5 by PTT/BCP
HSD (left scale) and Biodiesel B5 (right scale) Sales in Thailand
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 May-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Oct-06 Nov-06 Dec-06 Jan-070
10
20
30
40
50
60
B5 KL/dHSD ML/d
Community Biodiesel Plant 3,000 L/dChiangmai, Dept. of Alternative Energy Development
BCP Unit, 50,000 L/d
79 communtiy biodiesel units
>1 million Ha.
Community-Based Biodiesel ProductionTo disseminate the Royal Initiatives on
Sufficiency economy Practice and Bioenergy Project
Project Site (Rangsit Canal #13,Saraburee)
Deserted Orange Plantations
Make-shift Farmer’s house
27th Month
Project Activities
Plantation : KU
Engine Performance / Environment ,
Materials compatability,Tribology & Wear& Corrosion
Pilot Plant : MTEC/ TISTR200 L/ Batch
Oil extraction : MTEC
BDF for diesel engine
: MTEC
SVO for Agriculture machine
MTEC/ SKI / DOAECake :solid pellet to gasifier
LCA :NSTDAValue added for by-product (Gly
: MTEC/RCP
ตนปาลมแมพันธุ Golden Clone Tenera, จ
Palm production (Fresh Fruit Bunch)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
Million tons/yearMillion tons/year
yearyear
2006 CPO ProductionMalaysia : 15.4 M.TonsIndoneisa : 15 M.TonsThailand : 1.2 M.TonsNigeria : 0.8 M.TonsWorld Total : 35.5 M.Tons
Area for Palm ?In Rai (2.5rai=1Acre)
Moderate Moderate 84,129,90184,129,901
Unsuitable Unsuitable 30,432,62030,432,620
BestBest 11,870,60011,870,600
Marginal Marginal 139,831,715139,831,715
Conservation AreaConservation Area
พื้นที่ทั้งประเทศwww.Thaiodiesel.com
Climate and Soil for Palm Oil
5 Yrs Old Palm in Krabi (Golden Tenera)
2 Yrs Old, Pathumthani, NE of Bangkok, (Surat 1)
Current Research Programs• Integrated Bioenergy Community Concept(for acidic soil north of Bangkok)• Upgrading and Standardization of BDF (joint project
with AIST/TISTR)• High Concentration BDF in Industrial and Agricultural
Machines (joint project with AIST/TISTR/Siam Kubota/PTT/MOAC)
• Industrial BDF Process optimization (with Royal Thai Navy and TISTR/Bangchak Petroleum PLC)
• Small-size post-harvest equipment development
Future Research Needs• Plant Oil Genetics / Yield Improvement • Soil Improvement• Drought-resistant Strains• 2nd and 3rd Generation BDF (Solid Catalyst,
Catalytic Cracking and BTL)• Engine Performance / Material / Emissions• Co-product Development• Climate Change and CDM• Policy and Socio-economic Impact
Conclusion
• Thailand is committed to Green & Clean Energy• By 2012, Thailand should rise to world’s 3rd
Ethanol Producer, World 3rd BDF Producer (after Malaysia, Indonesia)
• NSTDA will serve as National Excellence Center for Biomass Energy
• Co-operation with ASEAN, GMS– Capacity Building– AFTA & Joint Investment / carbon trading