![Page 1: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOL 101 General Biology I
Chapter 5
The Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus 1
![Page 2: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
small
molecules LARGE molecules
![Page 3: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Bonds with variety of elements
Diverse sizes & shapes
Carbon-based
Many covalent
bonds
More insoluble in
water
Monomers Polymers
Properties of Organic Molecules
![Page 4: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Macromolecules
Carbo-hydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids
4
![Page 5: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Condensation (Dehydration) Synthesis
![Page 6: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Dehydration
Short polymer Unlinked monomer
Longer polymer
HO
HO
HO
H2O
H
H H
4 3 2 1
1 2 3
6
![Page 7: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Hydrolysis
![Page 8: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hydrolysis
HO
HO HO
H2O
H
H
H 3 2 1
1 2 3 4
8
![Page 9: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
3 Major Groups of Carbohydrates
Mono-saccharides
Disaccharides Polysaccharides
![Page 10: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Carbohydrate Characteristics
C-H2O
Classify by location of carbonyl (C=O)
Aldoses or Ketoses
#C atoms in skeleton
![Page 11: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Carbohydrates:
General Functions
Energy Synthesis Storage
![Page 12: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
![Page 13: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Dihydroxyacetone
Ribulose
Fructose
Glyceraldehyde
Ribose
Glucose Galactose
Hexoses (C6H12O6)
Pentoses (C5H10O5)
Trioses (C3H6O3)
13
![Page 14: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
(a) Linear and ring forms
(b) Abbreviated ring structure 14
![Page 15: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Disaccharides
Glycosidic linkage
![Page 16: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1–2 glycosidic
linkage
16
Dehydration reaction: Sucrose synthesis
Sucrose Fructose Glucose
![Page 17: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Maltose
1–4 glycosidic
linkage
17
Dehydration reaction: Maltose synthesis
Glucose Glucose
![Page 18: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Polysaccharides
Largest carb
Polymer: 100’s of mono’s
Storage and structure
Classified by its monomer & linkages
Glycogen
![Page 19: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Storage Polysaccharides
Starch
Glucose polymer
Plant plastids
Glycogen
Glucose polymer
Animal liver & muscle
![Page 20: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Glycogen
Starch
Amylose
Chloroplast
Starch
Amylopectin
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
20
![Page 21: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Structural Polysaccharides
Cellulose
Glucose polymer
Plant cell walls
Alpha () & beta () rings
beta ()
![Page 22: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
beta-Glucose monomer
Cellulose
Microfibril
Cell walls
beta-Glucose = straight chain 22
![Page 23: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
and Glucose Ring Structures
Glucose Glucose
![Page 24: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Starch: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
(Alpha) = All same side
24
![Page 25: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Cellulose: 1–4 linkage of glucose monomers
(Beta) = Both sides
![Page 26: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
Insoluble Fiber
http://www.hulu.com/watch/
10304/saturday-night-live-
colon-blow
![Page 28: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Symbiosis
![Page 29: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Chitin
![Page 30: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.
30
![Page 31: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Hydrocarbons
C, H, O Hydrophobic
Nonpolar covalent
bonds No polymers
Glycerol & 1-3 fatty acids
Fats & oils
Lipids – General Characteristics
![Page 32: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Lipid Structure
![Page 33: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fatty acid Glycerol
Dehydration synthesis of a fat
Ester linkage
Triglyceride 33
![Page 34: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Triglyceride Structure
![Page 35: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Fatty Acid Variation
Length
# and locations of
double bonds
Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acids
35
![Page 36: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Saturated Fats
Single covalent
bonds
Solid @ room temp
Mostly animal fats
36
![Page 37: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Unaturated Fats
Cis double covalent
bond
Liquid @ room temp
Mostly plant & fish fats
![Page 39: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Carotid artery plaque
![Page 40: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Hydrogenation
trans fat
40
![Page 41: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Adipose Tissue
Energy storage
Cushions organs
Insulation
![Page 42: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Head
Polar
Hydrophilic
Glycerol & phosphate
Tails
Nonpolar
Hydrophobic
2 Fatty acids
Phospholipid Structure
![Page 43: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Fatty acids
Choline
Phosphate
Glycerol
Hyd
rop
ho
bic
tai
ls
Hyd
rop
hili
c h
ead
43
![Page 44: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Phospholipid Bilayer
![Page 45: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
![Page 46: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Cholesterol = precursor
![Page 47: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Steroids
![Page 48: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
![Page 49: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
![Page 50: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Proteins
C, H, O, N
Diverse shapes &
sizes
Polypeptides (polymers)
Amino acids (monomers)
![Page 51: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
Enzymatic Structural Storage
Transport Hormonal Receptor
Contractile & Motor
Defensive
Types of Proteins
![Page 52: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
Structural support
Storage
Transport Communication
Movement Immune defense
Functions of Proteins
![Page 53: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Keratin: structural
protein
53
![Page 54: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
60 m
Collagen
Connective tissue
Structural proteins
Function: Support
Examples: Keratin is the protein of hair, horns,
feathers, and other skin appendages. Insects and
spiders use silk fibers to make their cocoons and webs,
respectively. Collagen and elastin proteins provide a
fibrous framework in animal connective tissues.
54
![Page 55: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
GABA receptor
protein 55
![Page 56: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Signaling molecules
Receptor protein
Receptor proteins
Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Example: Receptors built into the membrane of a
nerve cell detect signaling molecules released by
other nerve cells.
56
![Page 57: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Actin & Myosin: contractile proteins
![Page 58: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Muscle tissue
Actin Myosin
100 m
Contractile and motor proteins
Function: Movement
Examples: Motor proteins are responsible for the
undulations of cilia and flagella. Actin and myosin
proteins are responsible for the contraction of
muscles.
58
![Page 59: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Antibodies: defensive proteins
![Page 60: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Defensive proteins
Virus
Antibodies
Bacterium
Function: Protection against disease
Example: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy
viruses and bacteria.
60
![Page 61: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Substrates
Active Site
Enzyme
61
Enzymatic proteins = Catalysts
![Page 62: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Enzymatic proteins
Enzyme
Example: Digestive enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis
of bonds in food molecules.
Function: Selective acceleration of chemical reactions
62
![Page 63: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Substrate (sucrose)
Fructose
Glucose
OH
H O
H2O
63
Enzyme (sucrase)
![Page 64: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
Amino Acids
Amino group
- NH2
Carboxyl group
- COOH
R group
![Page 65: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Amino group
Carboxyl group
65
![Page 66: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Side chain
Glycine (Gly or G)
Alanine (Ala or A)
Valine (Val or V)
Leucine (Leu or L)
Isoleucine (Ile or I)
Methionine (Met or M)
Phenylalanine (Phe or F)
Tryptophan (Trp or W)
Proline (Pro or P)
Nonpolar Amino Acids (hydrophobic)
66
![Page 67: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Serine (Ser or S)
Threonine (Thr or T)
Cysteine (Cys or C)
Tyrosine (Tyr or Y)
Asparagine (Asn or N)
Glutamine (Gln or Q)
Polar Amino Acids (hydrophilic)
67
![Page 68: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Acidic (negatively charged)
Basic (positively charged)
Aspartic acid (Asp or D)
Glutamic acid (Glu or E)
Lysine (Lys or K)
Arginine (Arg or R)
Histidine (His or H)
Electrically Charged Amino Acids (hydrophilic)
68
![Page 69: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Peptide bond
New peptide bond forming
Side chains
Back- bone
Amino end (N-terminus)
Peptide bond
Carboxyl end (C-terminus) 69
![Page 70: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
Functional Proteins
Ribbon model of lysozyme
Space-filling model of lysozyme
Groove Groove
![Page 71: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
![Page 72: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Antibody protein Protein from flu virus
72
![Page 73: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary Quaternary
Levels of Protein Structure
![Page 74: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Amino acid subunits
+H3N
Amino end
25
20
15
10
5
1
74
Primary Structure
![Page 75: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Primary structure Amino acids
Amino end
Carboxyl end Primary structure of transthyretin 75
![Page 76: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
pleated sheet
helix
Secondary Structure
76
![Page 77: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Hydrogen bond
helix
pleated sheet
strand, shown as a flat arrow pointing toward the carboxyl end
Hydrogen bond
Secondary Structure
77
![Page 78: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78 Silk = pleated sheet
![Page 79: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
too freakin’ cute…
…it has eyelashes for crying out loud!
![Page 80: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Transthyretin polypeptide
Tertiary Structure
80
![Page 81: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Hydrogen bond
Disulfide bridge
Polypeptide backbone
Ionic bond
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
interactions
81
![Page 82: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Transthyretin protein
(four identical polypeptides)
Quaternary Structure
82
![Page 83: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Collagen 83
![Page 84: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
Collagen
![Page 85: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Hemoglobin
Heme
Iron
subunit
subunit
subunit
subunit
85
![Page 86: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
Sickle-Cell Disease
Glutamic acid Valine (mutation)
![Page 87: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
No interaction between
molecules
Normal hemoglobin 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Glu Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu
87
Normal hemoglobin
(top view)
![Page 88: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Val Val His Leu Thr Pro Glu
Exposed hydrophobic
region
88
Interaction between
molecules = crystal fiber
![Page 89: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Primary Structure
Secondary and Tertiary Structures
Quaternary Structure
Function Red Blood Cell Shape
subunit
subunit
Exposed hydrophobic region
Molecules do not associate with one another; each carries oxygen.
Molecules crystallize into a fiber; capacity to carry oxygen is reduced.
Sickle-cell hemoglobin
Normal hemoglobin
10 m
10 m
Sic
kle
-cell h
em
og
lob
in
No
rma
l h
em
og
lob
in
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
89
![Page 90: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
Physical & Chemical Conditions Affect Protein Structure
pH changes
Salt concentration
Temperature
Denaturation
![Page 91: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Denaturation
Renaturation
91
![Page 92: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
Protein Folding in the Cell
Chaperonin
![Page 93: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
The cap attaches, causing the cylinder to change shape in such a way that it creates a hydrophilic environment for the folding of the polypeptide.
Polypeptide
Correctly folded protein
Steps of Chaperonin Action:
An unfolded poly- peptide enters the cylinder from one end.
The cap comes off, and the properly folded protein is released.
3 2
1
Steps of Chaperonin Action
93
![Page 94: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
X-ray Crystall-
ography of Proteins
94
![Page 95: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
![Page 96: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
![Page 97: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97 CoA Binding Site in Staphylococcus aureus
![Page 98: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
EXPERIMENT
RESULTS
X-ray source X-ray
beam
Diffracted X-rays
Crystal Digital detector X-ray diffraction pattern
RNA polymerase II
RNA
DNA
98
![Page 99: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99
Bioinformatics
Predicts protein structure from AA sequence
![Page 100: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
![Page 101: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
C, H, O, N, P Polymer of nucleotides
DNA and RNA Molecular
biology
Regulates cell activities
Guides protein synthesis
Nucleic Acids
![Page 102: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
mRNA
1. Synthesis of mRNA in the
nucleus
DNA
NUCLEUS
mRNA
CYTOPLASM
2. mRNA moves into cytoplasm
via nuclear pore
Ribosome
Amino acids Polypeptide
3. Synthesis of protein
![Page 103: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
Nucleotides
Nitrogenous Base
Pentose Sugar
Phosphate Group
![Page 104: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
5' end
5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
Polynucleotide (Nucleic Acid)
Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous base
3'C
5'C
Phosphate group Sugar
(pentose)
104
![Page 105: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Ribose (in RNA) Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Sugars of the Nucleotide
105
![Page 106: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Nitrogenous Bases of the Nucleotide
Purines
Guanine (G) Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA)
Uracil (U, in RNA)
Pyrimidines
106
![Page 107: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
107
![Page 108: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
108
DNA
Double helix
Antiparallel
A---T
C---G
![Page 109: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Sugar-phosphate backbones
3' end
3' end
3' end
3' end
5' end
5' end
5' end
5' end
Base pair
Old strands
New strands
109
![Page 110: BIOL 101 Chp 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020217/547daca5b4af9fc3158b547e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Sugar-phosphate backbones
Hydrogen bonds
Base pair joined by hydrogen bonding
Base pair joined by hydrogen
bonding
(b) Transfer RNA (a) DNA
5 3
5 3
110