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Biological Rhythms
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Biological Rhythms – terms and characteristics
Rate of activity
Time
Amplitude – magnitude of change in the activity
Period – time required to complete an entire cycle
Phase – any recognizable part of the cycle (e.g. active phase)
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Biological Rhythms – terms and characteristics
1. Rhythms are temperature-compensated.
2. Unaffected by metabolic poisons or inhibitors
3. Occur with approximately the same frequency as some environmental feature
4. Self-sustaining – maintain cyclicity in absence of cues
5. Can be entrained by environmental cues
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Types of Rhythms
i) Epicycles (Ultradian) Rhythms
- cycles of repeated activity that are less than 24 hours
Arenicola marina - feed on surface every 6 -8 mins
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Types of Rhythms
i) Epicycles (Ultradian) Rhythms
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Types of Rhythms
ii) Tidal Rhythms
- cycles of repeated activity that are synchronized with tidal flow
-fiddler crab - times activity cycles to match tidal flow
High tide
Foraging area
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Types of Rhythms
ii) Tidal Rhythms
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Types of Rhythms
ii) Tidal Rhythms
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Types of Rhythms
iii) Lunar Rhythms
- cycles of repeated activity that are synchronized with lunar cycles
Clunio marinus Emergence is geared to lowest tide
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Types of Rhythms
iii) Lunar Rhythms
- cycles of repeated activity that are synchronized with lunar cycles
California grunion (Leuresthes tenuis)
-spawn between 10 pm and 4 am on the night before a full or new moon
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Types of Rhythms
iv) Circadian Rhythms
- cycles of activity that are repeated approximately every 24 hours
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Types of Rhythms
iv) Circadian Rhythms
- cycles of activity that are repeated approximately every 24 hours
Dawn Noon Dusk Midnight Dawn
Activity
Crepuscular
Diurnal Nocturnal
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Types of Rhythms
v) Circannual Rhythms
-rhythms that are approximately 1 year long
- hibernation
Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
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Controls of Rhythms
Calling by Male Crickets
Hypothesis 1:Male cricket possesses an internal timer that measures timesince last singing bout.
Hypothesis 2:Male cricket is cued to sing by the effect of changing lightlevels on some control centre in the brain.
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Controls of Rhythms
Calling by Male Crickets
Begin at same time
Shift start time
light dark
light
light dark
Begin at same time
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Controls of Rhythms
Calling by Male Cricketslight dark
light
light dark
ENTRAINED
ENTRAINED
FREE-RUNNING
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Subesophageal ganglion
Optic lobe
Cricket Calling Rhythm
Rhythm maintained Rhythm lost
separateganglion
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In MammalsSuprachiasmatic nucleus
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In MammalsSuprachiasmatic nucleus
Remove SCNArrhythmic patterns of locomotion, feeding, hormone secretion
Implant donor SCN tissue
Return rhythmsof donor hamster
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In MammalsSuprachiasmatic nucleus
Not the only pacemaker
In Rhesus monkeys
Ablate SCN Loss of activity cycleMaintain body temperature
cycle
Ablate Ventromedial hypothalamus
Loss of body temperaturecycle
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General Functioning of Biological Clocks
Environmental cuesSensory receptors
Pace-maker
locomotion
hormone release
feeding
othersClock-settingpathway
Clockmechanism
Observedbehaviour
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Gonyaulax – Circadian Bioluminescence
Day
Night
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Arrhythmic behaviour
Naked Mole Rat
Day 1
Day 2
Day 3
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What is responsible for circadian rhythms in mammals?
Pineal gland Pineal eye
Regulates rhythms based on photoperiod
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tim
per
Effector gene
mRNA
mRNA
mRNA
CYCCLK
PROMOTER
PER protein
TIM protein
Effector protein
CIRCADIAN ‘CLOCK’ IN Drosophila
http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/clocks/drosophila_clock.html
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tim
per
Effector gene
mRNA
mRNA
mRNA
CYCCLK
PROMOTER
PER protein
TIM protein
Effector protein
PER/TIMdimers
dissociate
move to nucleus
CIRCADIAN ‘CLOCK’ IN Drosophila
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tim
per
Effector gene
mRNA
mRNA
mRNA
CYCCLK
PROMOTER
PER protein
TIM protein
Effector protein
PER/TIMdimers
tim
per
Effector gene
PROMOTER
dissociate
move to nucleus
GENESTURNED OFF
CIRCADIAN ‘CLOCK’ IN Drosophila
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Setting the Clock
Light (blue) absorbed by cryptochromes
Allosteric change
Can bind PER and TIM
Breakdown of PER and TIM
End of inhibition of transcription
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cry
per
Effector gene
mRNA
mRNA
mRNA
BMAL1CLK
PROMOTER
PER protein
CRY protein
Effector protein
cry
per
Effector gene
PROMOTER
GENESTURNED OFF
CIRCADIAN ‘CLOCK’ IN MAMMALS
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Genetic Control of Daily Cycle - per gene mutationspe
r ge
ne24 hrs
Wild type
Long-period
Arrhythmic
Short-period
After Baylies et al, 1987
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Rhythmic Changes in Colour
Uca panacea – fiddler crab
Dark Phase
Light Phase
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
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Rhythmic Changes in Colour
Uca panacea – fiddler crab
Dark Phase
Light Phase
Conflicting demands
Communication
Thermoregulation
Camouflage
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
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Rhythmic Changes in COlour
Uca panacea – fiddler crab
Dark Phase
Light Phase
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
Black background, low temperatures
White background, high temperatures
Takes precedence
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Rhythmic Changes in Colour
Colour changes via melanophores
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Rhythmic Changes in Colour
Fully concentrated
Fully dispersed
Light phase Dark phase
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
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Rhythmic Changes in Colour
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
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Natural L:D cycle
Reversed L:D cycle
Reversed L:D cycle(+ 3 days)
Darnell. 2012 J.Exp.Mar. Biol. Ecol. 427:39
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Rhythms in Arctic Breeding Birds
Steiger et al. 2013. Proc.Roy,Soc.Lond. 280:
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Rhythms in Arctic Breeding Birds
Steiger et al. 2013. Proc.Roy,Soc.Lond. 280:
Semipalmated sandpiper Pectoral sandpiper
Red phalarope Lapland longspur
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Species Mating system
ParentalCare
Sex Arrythmic Entrained Free running
Semipalmated sandpiper
monogamous Biparental Male Pre-incubation
Incubation
Female Pre-incubation
Incubation
Pectoral sandpiper
polygynous Female only Male Entire season
Female Pre-incubation
Incubation
Red phalarope PolyandrousRole reversal
Male only Male Pre-incubation
Incubation
female Entire season
Lapland longspur
Monogamous Biparental (female only incubation
Male Entire season
Female Entire season
Rhythms in Arctic Breeding Birds