Download - Biology - Chp 26 - Animals - PowerPoint
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Chapter
26Animals
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26 – 1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
• Of all the kingdoms of organisms, the animal kingdom is the most diverse in appearance
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What Is an Animal?• Animals are Multicelular
• Animals are Eukaryotic heterotrophs
• Animal cells lack cell walls
• Animals belong to the kingdom Animalia
• The bodies of most animals contain tissues
• Ex.)epithelial, connective tissue (bone, blood) nervous tissue
• Animals are informally grouped into 2 categories
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Invertebrates
• Animals that don’t have a backbone
• Over 95% percent of all animal species are grouped into this category
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Vertebrates • Animals that have a backbone
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What Animals Do To Survive
• Animals carry out the following essential functions:
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1. Feeding/Digesting
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Intracellular digestion • Process in which food is digested
inside cells
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Extracellular digestion• Process in which food is broken
down outside the cells in a digestive tract
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2. Respiration (gas exchange)
Ex.) skin, gills, lungs
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3. Circulation
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Open circulation • System in which blood is not
always continued within a network of blood vessels
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Closed circulation • System in which
blood is contained within a network of blood vessels
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4. Excretion
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5. Response
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6. Movement/Support
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Hydrostatic skeletons • Layers of
circular and longitudinal muscles that enable movement
Ex.) worms
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Exoskeleton• External skeleton; tough external
covering that protects and supports the body of many invertebrates
Ex.) insects
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Endoskeleton• Structural support located inside
the body
Ex.) sea stars, humans
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7. Reproduction• Can be sexual or asexual
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Hermaphrodites • Individuals that have both male
and female reproductive organs
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External fertilization • Eggs are fertilized outside the
female
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Internal fertilization• Eggs are fertilized inside the
female
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Oviparous• Eggs hatch outside the mother
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Ovoviviparous• Eggs hatch inside the mother
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Viviparous• Babies are born live and get
nourishment from the mother
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Trends in Animal Evolution
• Complex animals tend to have high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization, bilateral body symmetry, a front end or head with sense organs and a body cavity
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Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization
• As animals evolved, their cells have become specialized to carry out different functions
• Ex.) Movement, digestion, nervous system
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• Large animals need greater efficiency in body processes than smaller animals
• Groups of specialized cells form tissues, which join together to form organs and organ system - all of which work together to carry out a variety of complex functions
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Body SymmetryAsymmetry – no symetry
Ex.) sponges
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Radial symmetry• Body plan in which body parts
repeat around the center of the body
Ex.) jelly fish, sea star
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Bilateral symmetry• Body plan in which only a single
imaginary line can divide the body into 2 equal halves
Ex.) worms, insects, chordates
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Cephalization• Most animals with bilateral
symmetry also have a trend toward cephalization
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Cephalization
• Concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animals body
• Organisms with cephalization can respond to the environment in more sophisticated ways than can simpler organisms
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Body Cavity Formation• Most animals have a body cavity which is
a fluid filled space that lies between the digestive tract and the body wall
• A body cavity is important because it provides a space in which internal organs can be suspended so that they are not pressed on by muscle or twisted out of shape by body movements
• Body cavities also allow for specialized regions to develop, and they provide room for internal organs to grow and expand
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Adaptive Radiation• Over the course of evolution, the
appearance of new adaptations – such as jaws and paired appendages – has launched adaptive radiations in chordate groups
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Adaptive radiation • Rapid growth in
the diversity of a group of organisms
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Convergent Evolution• Adaptive radiations sometimes
produce species that are similar in appearance and behavior, even though they are not closely related. This trend is called convergent evolution
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Kingdom Animalia
Major Phyla
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Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
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Asymetrical
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Some specialized cells
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Radial Symmetry
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Stinging Cells
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Tentacles
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Nerve Net
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Two Body Forms
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Cnidarian Lifecycle
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Asexual Reproduction
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Coral
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Sea Anemones
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Box Jellyfish
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Portuguese Man-of-War
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
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Flattened Body, one opening
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Sexual or Asexual Reproduction
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Budding
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Some are parasites
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Tape worm mouth parts
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Phylum Nematoda
Roundworms
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Round Body, tapered at both ends, two openings
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Bilateral symmetry
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Heartworm
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Ascaris
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Trichinella
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Elephantitus
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Phylum Mollusca
Mollusks
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One Shell
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Two Shell
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No Shells
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Nautilus
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Squid
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Octopus
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Bilateral Symmetry
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Phylum Annelidia
Segmented Worms
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Leech
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Clamworm
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Feather dusters
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Phylum Arthropoda
Arthropods
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Arthropod Traits• Segmented body, jointed legs,
exoskeleton• Bilateral symmetry• Tissues and organs
– Open circulatory system– Complete digestive tract– Simple excretory organs– Brain and nerve cords
• Sexual reproduction (separate sexes)
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5 Major Arthropod Classes
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Centipedes
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Millipedes
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Crustaceans
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Crustaceans
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Crustaceans
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Crustaceans
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Crustaceans
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Insects
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Insects
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Insects
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Arachnids
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Arachnids
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Arachnids
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Arachnids
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Phylum Echinodermata
Echinoderms
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Echinodermata = Spiny Skin
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Water Vascular System
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Tube Feet
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Radial Symmetry
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Brittle Sea Star
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Sea Star
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Sand Dollar
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Sea Urchin
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Sea Cucumber
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Sea Star Eating
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Phylum Chordata
Chordates
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Chordate Traits• Dorsal notochord at some time• Pharyngeal gill slits (or pouches)
at some time• Dorsal hollow nerve cord at some
time• Bilateral symmetry
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Chordate Traits• Tissues and organs of vertebrates
– Backbone– Brain and nervous system– Closed circulatory system– Complete digestive tract– Paired kidneys– Gills or lungs– Paired image forming eyes
• Sexual reproduction (separate sexes)
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Invertebrate Chordates
2 groups
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Tunicates
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Lancets
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Vertebrate Chordates
7 classes
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1. Agnatha
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Lamprey
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2. Chondrichthyes
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2. Chondrichthyes
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2. Chondrichthyes
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3. Osteicthyes
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3. Osteicthyes
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3. Osteicthyes
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Swim Bladder
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4. Amphibia
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4. Amphibia
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4. Amphibia
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Two Stage Life Cycle
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5. Reptilia
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5. Reptilia
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5. Reptilia
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6. Aves
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6. Aves
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6. Aves
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6. Aves
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7. Mammalia
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7. Mammalia
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7. Mammalia
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7. Mammalia
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7. Mammalia