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Biometrics
By,
David Germakian
Derek Jaskowiak
Jada Johnson
Aaron Woolsey
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Biometrics
automatic recognition of a person using distinguishing traits
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Biometrics are used for two main purposes:
Identification
Asks, who is X?Compares the biometric sample to a database to find a match
Verification
Asks, is this X?Compares the biometric sample to X’s template
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Biometric Technologies
FingerprintFaceRetinaDNA
VoiceSignatureKeystrokeEarHand/palm printIrisVein patternsWork dynamics
Not what you know, or what you have, but what you are!
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Typical Biometric ProcessEnrollment Operation
Collect biological data of known
subject(s)
Process to extract salient features
Enroll known subjects in database
Collect biological data of unknown
subject(s)
Process to extract salient features
Compare with database ACTION
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Fingerprint Analysis:How It Works
Different types of sensors: Capacitive (500 line pairs per inch standard)
Inexpensive, easily interfaced But delicate and “dry skin problem” for 20% of pop
Optical Not in contact w/ sensing device But residual prints may cause problems
Infrared Sensitive to worn or indistinct prints But finger must be moved to generate signals in detector
Ultrasonic High tolerance to dirt Not yet well developed
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Fingerprint Analysis:How It Works
Save time and space by focusing in on minutiae – structural irregularities in ridge pattern such as ridge endingsOf all biometric measures, fingerprints appear easiest to implement and most practical Sensors straightforward and well developed Small processing load Intuitive requirements FAR < 1 in 100,000 FRR < 1 in 1,000
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Fingerprint AnalysisCurrent Applications:
USB “thumb drive” authenticationComputer or network access Issues with hackers obtaining
biometrics
Jails and airports Security and monitoring of employees
is important
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Fingerprint Analysis:Future Applications
Prevent Fraud/Identity Theft Pay By Touch
Prevent Illegal Immigration Encrypted chip w/ digital print in
travel doc
Cell Phone Access
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Facial Recognition
Can a picture catch a thousand criminals?
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Facial Recognition
Measures a face according to its peaks and valleys or nodal points:
Distance between eyes
Tip of the nose depth of eye
sockets
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Steps to Identification
Acquisition of facial images
Image processing of the facial images
Unique feature extraction
Template creation.
Comparison of Template with Database to find a match
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Currently Used
Tampa, first city to uses facial recognition software (2001)Largest police line-up ever at SuperBowl XXXVTampa’s Ybor city
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Currently Used Cont’d
Virginia Beach, VAMexican Government to weed out duplicate voter registrationImmunization and Naturalization utilized facial recognition systems at the Mexico-U.S. BorderGeneral surveillance at Airports (T.F Green, SFO, Logan)
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Points of Interest
Unlike the other biometrics, Facial Recognition is a passive technique that does not require the “target” to push, insert, or do anything (not as intrusive)
Can also be used for surveillance purposesDoes not require extra equipment as most places have cameras installedGood for clandestine operations
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Limitations
Does not work well outside of a controlled environment.Subtle changes to one’s appearance (eyeglasses and makeup) can yield a false negativeLighting, camera angle, picture quality need to be a certain way in order to get accurate resultsFaces are not very robust, they change over timeNeed a thorough database in order to get a match
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Future of Facial Recognition
Increase in accuracy as the technology continues to develop and the limitations are decreased.Governments will start to implement systems to help with border security and personal identification programs (US-VISIT program)Decrease in price-more common useCheck-cashing identity verification, computer security, etc.Lawsuits- The surveillance/clandestine nature of facial recognition technology makes it a target for the ACLU and other civil liberties groups who see it as an invasion of privacy and encroachment on the fourth amendment.
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Retinal Scans
www.rpmfreelancer.com/biometrics/eye
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Retinal Scans
An identification system which examines capillaries at the back of the eye.The blood vessel pattern in the retina is more unique than fingerprints.Low intensity light with an optical coupler allows pattern to be recognized and compared to information in database.Time to verify varies: normally 10-15 sec.
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Retinal Scans
Currently, only used in high end security applicationsUsed to control access to areas like military installations and power plants, and other high risk security areas.Cost of proprietary hardware, installation problems. Ability to adapt with larger databases in question.
www.bbcnews.com
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DNA
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DNA Basics
Deoxyribonucleic AcidDNA is found in chromosomes that exist in the nucleus of cells. 4 Base Nucleotides Found in DNA
A: Adenine G: Guanine C: Cytosine T: Thymidine
Human DNA is made of 3 billion Nucleotide PairMore than 99% of DNA is the same between two individuals
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How DNA is used as a Biometric
DNA samples are examined in a laboratory by a skilled technicianDNA tests look at regions of DNA that do not seem to serve any purpose Commonly called Junk DNA
Junk DNA is not vital in keeping the organism alive, but contains random changes or mutations passed down between generationsDNA tests examine these regions in two different samples and report if they are the same or different.
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If they are Different
The test is conclusive
They are not from the same person
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If They Match
Then they are either From the same person or Just a random match
Chance of a random match: 1 in 100To reduce the uncertainty Labs do 4 or 5 tests looking at different
regions of the DNA This can only reduce the chances of a false
match, it can not be completely eliminated
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Today’s Uses
Paternity Tests Prophase Genetics
Crime Scene Investigation Innocence Project
Identify Human Remains Michael Joseph Blassie
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The Future of DNA as a Biometric
Bush Administration wants 1 Billion Dollars over the next 5 years to Reduce backlog of DNA samples needing to
be analyzed Expand FBI National DNA Database of
convicted criminals
If DNA analysis can become nearer to real-time and less expensive, then it could become more of a daily use biometric
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QUESTIONS?