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Block to Polyspermy: Fast Block
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Cortical reaction
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Cleavage and implantation
陳建榮
http://web.nchu.edu.tw/pweb/users/chenjr/
Day 1 ===== Day 14
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Cleavage in mammalian zygote
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桑椹胚
囊胚
內細胞團或胚球層
滋養層
囊胚腔
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卵裂型態 (cleavage patterns): -完全分裂 (total or holoblastic cleavage):
-哺乳類動物 ( 有胎盤哺乳類 ) 之無 ( 或寡 ) 卵黃卵屬之-部份分裂 (partial or meroblastic cleavage):
-鳥類之端卵黃卵屬之。
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Mature Xenopus oocyte
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完全分裂 (total or holoblastic cleavage):-Spiral cleavage-Radial cleavage
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部份分裂 (partial or meroblastic cleavage):-Incomplete cleavage-Superficial cleavage
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Cleavage in Zebra Fish
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Monozygotic twin 同卵雙生
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Estrogen 抑制受精卵向子宮移動Progesterone 加速受精卵向子宮移動
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Morula stage犬 : 10-11days家畜 : 5-9 days
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Implantation types 著床型態 : 依滋養層與子宮內膜之間接觸的程度,及子宮內膜的被破壞情形可分為1. 間質性著床 (interstitial implantation)
- 靈長類,囓齒類,及部分肉食動物,其胚埋入子宮內膜發育,一直到出生2. 築巢性著床 (nidation implantation) 或表面著床 (superficial implantation):
- 大多數的家畜,滋養細胞並不會破壞子宮內膜。
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carnivores, ruminants, horses, and pigs
rats and mice
humans, and guinea pigs
間質性著床(interstitial)
築巢性著床(nidation)
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Interstitial implantation 間質性著床 :-步驟:
-Invade 侵入-Ingestive 吞食-Digestive 消化
-E6 ~ E11-Trophoblast 滋養層
-Syncytiotrophoblast-Cytotrophoblast
-Inner cell mass (embryoblast) 胚球層 bilaminar embryonic disc 雙層胚盤
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Trophoblast 滋養層 :-Cytotrophoblast 細胞滋養層 -Syncytiotrophoblast 合體滋養層
-EPF (early pregnancy factor) 早期妊娠因子-24 ~ 48hr -- 10 days-In mothernal serum
-hCG 人類絨毛性腺激素-10 days-In mother’s urine
Embryoblast (inner cell mass)Hypoblast 下胚層 (primary endoderm)
hCG corpus luteum progesterone
妊娠試驗: hCG 、 EPF
Inhibition of implantation-Diethylstibestrol” 事後丸”-RU486” 流產藥丸”
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築巢性 (nidation) 或表面著床 (superficial implantation)進行方式 :- 並置 (apposition): 囊胚平均排列於子宮或子宮角腔內、雙子宮的動物如兔子則無此現象。- 黏接 (adhension): 囊胚與子宮內膜接觸,子宮內膜上皮與滋養細胞連接甚緊。- 附著 (attachment): 有蹄類的滋養細胞與子宮黏膜上皮之間形成微絨毛性指間構造。
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───┬────────────────────── 動物 │開始 並置 接觸 附著 完成 ───┼────────────────────── 貓 │ 11-12 16-17 (5) 狗 │ 14-17 20-21 (4-6) 牛 │ 8-32 40-45 (13-32) 綿羊 │ 4-16 10 16 28-35 (19-24) 馬 │ 5-40 38-39 95-105 (65-90) 豬 │ 2-13 12 13-14 16-18 24-26 (13-22) 人 │ 6-7 12-13 (6) ────────────────────────── * 時間是以授精後算起。
著床開始的時期與完成的時間因動物而異
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人工受孕
Intracytoplasmic sperm injectionSurrogate mothers
1. 男性不孕- 數目太少- 品質太差- 無精子
2. 女性不孕- 輸卵管阻塞- 子宮切除- 自發性流產
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
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子宮外孕 (ectopic pregnancies)
Placenta previa 前置胎盤
家畜: Antimesometrial 對子宮系膜
Human
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Day 8Inner cell mass Amnion 羊膜 +Epiblast 上胚層 bilaminar disc 雙層胚盤
Hypoblast 下胚層Epiblast 上胚層
Amnoitic cavity 羊膜腔
Epiblast exocoelomic membrane 外胚腔膜 Blastocytic cavity 囊胚腔 Exocoelomic cavity 外胚腔腔室
(primary yolk sac 初級卵黃囊 )
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Day 9
Extraembryonic mesoderm 胚外中胚層
Syncytiotrophoblast Lacuna 陷窩
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Day 10 - 12
Extraembryonic mesoderm 胚外中胚層Extraembryonic coelomic space 胚外體空隙
Syncytiotrophoblast ↓
Endomatrial stromal cell Decidual cell 蛻膜細胞=> decidual reaction蛻膜反應
Lacunar lacunar network
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Closing plug 閉鎖栓
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Decidual cell 蛻膜細胞
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Day 13Extraembryonic mesoderm 胚外中胚層Extraembryonic coelomic space 胚外體空隙
extraembryonic coelom 胚外體腔 Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm 胚外壁層中胚層Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm 胚外臟層中胚層
Chorion 絨毛膜-Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm-Cytotrophoblast-Syncytiotrophoblast
Extraembryonic coelom 胚外體腔 Chorionic cavity 絨毛膜腔
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Day 14
Primary yolk sacSecondary yolk sacRemnant of primary yolk sac
Cytotrophoblast Primary chorionic villus 初級絨毛膜絨毛
Hypoblast Prechordal plate 脊索前板
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