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Blood Pressure
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Heart rate is the rate at which your heart beats. It can be
measured by taking a pulse. A pulse is caused by the
push of the blood through the arteries under the skin.
Heart rate
Pulse, or heart rate, is measured
in beats per minute (bpm).
This can be found by putting your
fingers over an artery and counting
the number of pushes in a minute.
Machines like pulse
oximeters can also be
used to monitor and
measure the pulse rate.
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A resting heart rate
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The heart is a pump and pushes blood all around your body.
The blood leaves the heart through blood vessels
called arteries.
Blood in the arteries
Arteries have thick
elastic walls
because the blood
in them is under
high pressure.
High pressure is
needed so that the
blood reaches all the
parts of the body.
arteries
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Blood pressure is a measure of the pressure exerted
by the blood against the walls of the artery.
What is blood pressure?
Blood pressure is measured
as two numbers, e.g.
The numbers show
pressure readings in
mm of mercury (mmHg).
What do these
numbers mean?
120/80
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The big number (‘120’) is the
systolic pressure. This is the blood
pressure during the push of a heartbeat.
“Blood pressure one-twenty
over eighty.”
Systolic and diastolic
The small number (‘80’) is the
diastolic pressure. This is the blood
pressure in-between heartbeats.
120/80
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Pressure during a heartbeat
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Blood pressure
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Collecting data
When researching a topic, like blood pressure, there are
many different ways of gathering data (information).
Sources of data are either:
You need to be careful when using secondary data.
Only take data from sources you trust, such as a text book
or websites belonging to large trustworthy organisations.
Secondary sources –
using data that someone
else has collected.
Primary sources – collecting
data yourself by making
measurements, conducting a
survey or doing an experiment.
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Primary or secondary?
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How does blood pressure affect health?
Low blood pressure can
cause dizziness, fainting
and poor circulation.
High blood pressure can make blood vessels more likely
to burst, and can cause strokes, brain damage and kidney
damage. It significantly increases the risk of heart disease.
80–100
90–110
110–125
130–150
10
15
20
40
Age Systolic Diastolic
60
60
70
80
The older you get,
the higher your
blood pressure
naturally becomes.
Kevin is 38 years old and his blood pressure is 180/90.
How would you describe his blood pressure?
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What affects blood pressure?
poor fitness
increasing age
being overweight high alcohol intake
stress
There are many factors that can increase a person’s
blood pressure, including:
smoking
What advice would you give to
someone who has been diagnosed
with high blood pressure?
diet high in saturated fats.
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Cholesterol levels depend on diet and genes, but high levels
of LDL have been linked to eating lots of saturated fats and
few mono/polyunsaturated fats.
What is cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a lipid found in cell membranes and is used
in the production of hormones and bile.
high-density lipoprotein (HDL):
often called ‘good cholesterol’
low-density lipoprotein (LDL):
often called ‘bad cholesterol’.
Cholesterol is transported in the blood by
molecules called lipoproteins, of which
there are two types:
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Cholesterol and heart attacks
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How does smoking affect blood pressure?
Red blood cells contain a chemical called haemoglobin.
This chemical bonds to oxygen and carries it around in the
blood, ensuring that all the cells get enough oxygen.
When people smoke they breathe in chemicals, including:
nicotine
which increases heart rate
carbon monoxide
which binds with haemoglobin,
preventing it from carrying oxygen.
As the blood carries less oxygen,
the heart has to beat faster to
keep cells supplied.
These effects increase your blood pressure.
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How does salt affect blood pressure?
Table salt, or sodium chloride (NaCl), contains sodium ions.
An adult is recommended to have no
more than 6g of salt per day, but
most people eat about 9g.
Eating a diet high in salt can cause an
increase in the volume of water in the
blood. This causes blood pressure to
increase and artery walls to thicken.
These are important for regulating the amount of water in the
body, the movement of muscles, maintaining the pH of blood
and transmitting signals in nerves.
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Factors affecting blood pressure
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Glossary
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Summary quiz