Download - Bm 2 review 2010
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Benchmark #2Know these facts or ELSE. . .
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Inorganic Vs. Organic Biomolecules Organic – Contain
Carbon Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Vitamins
Inorganic – Do NOT Contain Carbon Water Minerals
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Biomolecules Carbohydrates provide quick energy The buliding blocks of carbs are
monosacharides. Glucose is a carbohydrate Lipids are long term energy storage The cell membrane contains phospholipids. Lipids cushion and protect organs in animals.
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Biomolecules Types of proteins include enzymes
Building blocks are amino acids Enzymes control metabolic function and work
best at an optimal pH level. Nucleic acids are made from nucleotides Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA DNA contains genetic code RNA is needed for protein synthesis in
ribosomes
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Prokaryotes Contain no membrane bound organelles Lack a nucleus DNA is free floating in the cytoplasm Ribosomes are floating in cytoplasm. Have a cell wall and cell membrane. May have cilia, flagella or pseuopodia
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Picturing Movement Structures
Flagella Cilia Pseudopodia Long tail(s) Numerous, short hairs Cytoplasm extensions
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Eukaryotes Contain membrane bound organelles
Name three organelles!!! Include plant and animal cells Have cell membranes PLANTS and FUNGI have a cell wall Have a nucleus housing their DNA Most are multicellular!!!
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Cells Mitochondria release energy as ATP. Muscle cells contain many mitochondria. DNA contains genetic information for making
proteins. Ribosomes are the site for protein synthesis. Golgi apparatus is the packaging and
distribution center ER transports substances within the cell.
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Active and Passive TransportActive Transport Uses
Energy Endocytosis Exocytosis Ion Pumps
Remember: This is movement AGAINST the concentration gradient
Passive Transport Does NOT Use Energy
Diffusion: Moves substances through phospholipids
Osmosis: Moves water
This is movement WITH the concentration gradient
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Solutions and Osmosis
Hypertonic Solutions:
Contain less water than the cell associated with it – water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrink
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Hypotonic Solutions:
Contain more water than the cell associated with it – water will move into the cell, causing it to swell
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Isotonic Solutions:
Water has reached equilibrium
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Metric Measurements
Time = Seconds (s) Distance/Length = Meters (m) Volume/Liquids = Liters (L) Temperature = Celsius (C) Mass = Grams (g)
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Common Biology MeasurementsSmall measurements:
Milli = 0.001 Micro = 0.00001 Nano = 0.000000001
Microscopic organisms = micro or nanometers in length
Short distance = mm
Small liquid dosage = mL
Formula for microscopic magnification = eyepiece (10) times whatever the magnification is (usually 4, 40, or 100)
Question: If an organism is viewed under a magnification of 100 with an eyepiece of 10, how many times larger than real life does it appear?
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Microscopic Measurements Remember – relative
size between decimals is an ABSOLUTE VALUE
Question:
Organism A is 1X 10-3
in length. How many times LARGER is A than organism B, which is 1 X 10-9 in length?
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Homeostasis Maintains constant internal environment in a
changing external environment. When blood glucose is low, stored glucose
enters the blood stream. A hormone insulin helps manage blood sugar
levels. Passive and active transport help maintain
homeostasis of ions and chemicals in cells.
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Photosynthesis and cell respiration Light energy is used by ALL plants to make
carbohydrates (glucose) Elodea (water plant) releases oxygen bubbles
in water during photosyntheis and CO2 bubbles during cellular respiration.
Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of ALL plants.
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Cellular respiration Cell respiration is associated with releasing
energy stored in ATP within the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and makes the most ATP.
Anerobic respiration (fermentation) does not use oxygen and makes 2 ATP.
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Chemosynthesis Chemosynthetic organisms like
archaebacteria produce their own food. Chemotrophs are producers also a type of
autotroph. They create carbohydrates (glucose) without
sunlight. Energy from inorganic compounds like
hydrogen and sulfur, not sunlight.