Download - BOTANIČKA PRIPADNOST I MORFOLOGIJA V. LOZE
VinogradarstvoVinogradarstvo
Botanička pripadnost vinove lozeBotanička pripadnost vinove loze
Carstvo: Carstvo: PlantaeOdjel: Odjel: MagnoliophytaRazred: Razred: MagnoliopsidaRed: Red: VitalesPorodica: Porodica: VitaceaeRod: Rod: VitisVrsta: Vrsta: Vitis vinifera
Rod VitisRod Vitis
američka skupina američka skupina istočno azijska skupinaistočno azijska skupina europsko azijska skupinaeuropsko azijska skupina
Američka skupina roda VitisAmerička skupina roda Vitis
istočni dijelovi sjeverne Amerike, od istočni dijelovi sjeverne Amerike, od Meksika do Kanade Meksika do Kanade
otporne na trsovog ušenca (filokseru)otporne na trsovog ušenca (filokseru)
Vitis riparia Vitis rupestris Vitis berlandieri
Istočnoazijska skupina roda VitisIstočnoazijska skupina roda Vitis
najviše služe u dekorativne svrhenajviše služe u dekorativne svrhe
Vitis amurensis (-40 (-4000C)C)
Europsko-azijska skupina roda VitisEuropsko-azijska skupina roda Vitis
Vitis vinifera s 2 podvrste: s 2 podvrste: Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera ssp sativassp sativa - -europska, europska,
domaća, kulturna loza domaća, kulturna loza Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera ssp silvestrisssp silvestris – – europska europska
divlja lozadivlja loza
U svijetu se uzgaja oko 5000 različitih U svijetu se uzgaja oko 5000 različitih kultivara vinove lozekultivara vinove loze
Vinova lozaVinova loza
PODRIJETLO vinove loze je jugozapadna Azija (Gruzija)odakle se proširila na Mediteran, središnju Europu.
Kolonizacijom početkom XVII stoljeća prelazi u Sjevernu Ameriku, te u Afriku, Južnu Ameriku i Australiju.
Vinova loza se uzgajala od davnina radi grožđa, ali se upotrebljavala i u narodnoj medicini (lišće, sjemenke, grožđe)
Vinarske vještine su poznavali stari Egipčani, Mezopotamci, Grci i Kinezi
Procijenjeno je da su toliko stari osušeni ostaci vina (vinska kiselina i pistacijeve smole koja se upotrebljavala kao konzervans), odnosno početke proizvodnje vina povezuju se s pojavom lončarstva od prije 10 000 godina.
Morfologija vinove lozeMorfologija vinove loze
Vegetativni organi:: korijenkorijen stablo ili panj s stablo ili panj s
krakovima i krakovima i ograncimaograncima
rozgvarozgva mladicemladice lišćelišće pupovipupovi
Generativni organi:
viticevitice cvijet – cvatcvijet – cvat bobica- grozdbobica- grozd sjemesjeme
ČOKOT ILI TRS
VegetativVegetativni organini organi
KorijenKorijen
generativni vegetativni ili adventivni
Građa korijenaGrađa korijena
Na korijenu se morfološki razlikuje više Na korijenu se morfološki razlikuje više dijelova (zona): dijelova (zona): • zona korijenove kapicezona korijenove kapice• zona rasta zona rasta • zona izduživanja zona izduživanja • zona apsorpcije zona apsorpcije • zona provođenjazona provođenja
zona rastenja•dio vegetcijskog vrha• korijen diobom ovih stanica raste
zona korijenovih dlačica •površinske stanice stvaraju dlačice za upijanje vode iz tla
zona izduživanja•stanice koje se izdužuju (rastu u dužinu)
zona korijenove kapicezona korijenove kapice površinski sloj grade mrtve, površinski sloj grade mrtve,
osluznjavele stanice koje se osluznjavele stanice koje se ljušte i tako smanjuju trenje ljušte i tako smanjuju trenje pri rastu korenpri rastu koren
Stanice korijenove kapice se Stanice korijenove kapice se stalno obnavljaju diobom stalno obnavljaju diobom stanica vegetacijskog vrhastanica vegetacijskog vrha
Građa korijena
Zona korijenove kapice
Zona rasta
simplast
apoplast Stanična stjenka
Uzdužni presjek korijena u zoni korjenovih dlačica
Kut geotropizmaKut geotropizma
Rodna mladica
Zimski pup
Pucanje
ljuskica
pupa
1 god. rozgva i mladica1 god. rozgva i mladica
ListListTipičan list s 5 sinusa
Građa lista
Epiderma lica
Epiderma naličja
Kutikula lica
Kutikula naličja
Ksilem
Floem
Palisadni parenhim
Spužvasti parenhim
O2, H2O
CO2
Ksilem i floem
Funkcija lista
Important Physiological ProcessesImportant Physiological Processes
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis RespirationRespiration TranslocationTranslocation TranspirationTranspiration
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Conversion of CO2, H20 into plant food via Conversion of CO2, H20 into plant food via
sunlight sunlight = 6CO= 6CO2 2 + 12 H+ 12 H22O + Sunlight O + Sunlight
CC66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 + 6 H + 6 H22OO Compounds produced called Compounds produced called
“photosynthates”; primarily sucrose“photosynthates”; primarily sucrose Sucrose changed to proteins, fats, other carbs, Sucrose changed to proteins, fats, other carbs,
etc. via other chemical processesetc. via other chemical processes Sunlight @ 1/3Sunlight @ 1/3rdrd max. gives best max. gives best
photosynthesis ratephotosynthesis rate Leaves primary sunlight receptorsLeaves primary sunlight receptors Canopy management utilized to create “ideal” Canopy management utilized to create “ideal”
sunlight conditions sunlight conditions
Factors that affect PhotosynthesisFactors that affect Photosynthesis
Leaf TemperatureLeaf Temperature• Ideal 77-95°FIdeal 77-95°F
Water status of plantWater status of plant• Water deficit= lose more water than takes upWater deficit= lose more water than takes up
Close stomata and decrease H20 loss and CO2 Close stomata and decrease H20 loss and CO2 uptakeuptake
• Water stress=water deficit impacts plant Water stress=water deficit impacts plant functions severelyfunctions severely
Plant nutrient availabilityPlant nutrient availability
RespirationRespiration Conversion of stored photosynthates into components Conversion of stored photosynthates into components
into water, COinto water, CO22 and energy and energy= C= C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O + energy O + energy (heat, ATP, etc.)(heat, ATP, etc.)
Substrates= Carbohydrates, fats, amino acids and Substrates= Carbohydrates, fats, amino acids and organic acids organic acids • Decrease in acid as increase in berry growthDecrease in acid as increase in berry growth
Energy used for growth or plant maintenanceEnergy used for growth or plant maintenance• Plant growthPlant growth
Berry development, shoot growth, etc.Berry development, shoot growth, etc. Amount of activity dictates needAmount of activity dictates need
• Plant maintenancePlant maintenance Carbohydrate translocation, protein turnover, etc.Carbohydrate translocation, protein turnover, etc. Dependent upon grapevine size, Dependent upon grapevine size,
Q10- Q10- • Plant respiration is VERY temperature dependentPlant respiration is VERY temperature dependent• 50°F (10°C)- rate is close to zero; but respiration rate 50°F (10°C)- rate is close to zero; but respiration rate
doubles with every 10°C increasedoubles with every 10°C increase
TranslocationTranslocation Movement of water and nutrients in plant via Movement of water and nutrients in plant via
vasculaturevasculature Xylem- water and minerals Xylem- water and minerals Phloem- photosynthates and compoundsPhloem- photosynthates and compounds Sucrose is transported compoundSucrose is transported compound Source vs. Sink; Photosynthate producer vs. userSource vs. Sink; Photosynthate producer vs. user
• Root to shoot; shoots 2 ways; mature leaves to shoot Root to shoot; shoots 2 ways; mature leaves to shoot tips and parent vine; leaves to shoot tips, parent vine tips and parent vine; leaves to shoot tips, parent vine and fruit; leaves to fruit from verasion onto harvest; and fruit; leaves to fruit from verasion onto harvest; shoots and leaves to storage @ end of season shoots and leaves to storage @ end of season
TranspirationTranspiration
Water loss via plant stomataWater loss via plant stomata• Transpirational pull= passive movement Transpirational pull= passive movement
of water from roots to leaves to outside of water from roots to leaves to outside of leafof leaf
• Dependent upon temperature, wind, Dependent upon temperature, wind, humidity, light levelshumidity, light levels
Can cool leaf in hot tempsCan cool leaf in hot temps
CvatCvat
Građa cvijetaGrađa cvijeta
Cvat i cvatnjaCvat i cvatnja
Stadiji cvijetaStadiji cvijeta
CvatnjaCvatnja
OplodnjaOplodnja
Građa bobiceGrađa bobice
Rodna mladica / grozdRodna mladica / grozd
GrozdGrozd