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BOUNDARIES and their EFFECTS
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Frontier or boundary?Frontier: a zone where no state exercises complete political control. A tangible geographic areas, whereas a boundary is an infinitely thin, invisible imaginary line
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Natural/Physical boundaries
• Water features– Rivers
• Changing course• Thalweg, midpoint, or
bank
– Lakes• Shoreline or midpoint
• Mountains– Peak-to-peak– Ridgeline
• Deserts
Morphological Classifications of Boundaries
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Cultural Boundaries• Religious boundaries: religious differences often
coincide w/ boundaries between states, but only in a few cases has religion been used to select actual boundary lines
• Example: British partitioning of Pakistan and India
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Cultural Boundaries Con’t
• Language boundaries: This is an important cultural characteristic for making boundaries, especially in Europe
• Example: European languages have big literary traditions and formal rules of grammar and spelling. French language = big reason for development of France as a unified state in 17th Century. England, Spain, Portugal developed around distinctive languages
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Geometric/Mathematical Boundaries
• Straight lines drawn on a map
• Examples: Part of the northern United States’ boundary with Canada – est. 1846 by a treaty. Boundary between Chad and Libya = straight line across desert
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Boundary Making
• DEFINITION– Also called “description”– Treaty-makers usually involved– References are made to cultural and physical
features – who gets what?
• DELIMITATION– The actual plotting of the boundary– Cartographers and surveys involved– Many years may separate “description and
delimitation”
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Boundary Making• DEMARCATION
– The boundary is marked on the ground– Engineers and construction workers involved– Varies from stone pillars, to walls, to . . .
nothing.
Sweden/Norway border
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Kashmir border
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Boundary Making• ADMINISTRATION (DEFENDING)
– Government – police and military - are involved in patrolling and securing
India/Pakistan border
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US-Canada border – in a bar
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GENETIC or ORIGIN BASED CLASSIFICATION of
BOUNDARIES:This is another way to view
boundaries – it has to do with their evolution or genesis.
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Antecedent boundary• Delimited before
effective settlement; before present-day human landscape
• May pass through sparsely inhabited territory
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Subsequent boundary• Evolves as the
cultural landscape takes shape
• Results from a long process of adjustment and modification
• Usually matches ethno-national ideas
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Superimposed boundary• Forcibly drawn
across an existing and unified cultural landscape
• Often proves problematic as irredentist regions are created
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Relic boundary
• Has ceased to function but imprint still exists in cultural landscape
Once demarcated militarily, now relic status since reunification 1976.
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Boundaries
Boundary Disputes
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Definitional Boundary Dispute• Focus on the legal
language of the boundary agreement
• Example: boundary definition may say that median line of river = border. BUT water levels of rivers vary – median line may move back and forth (may involve hundred of meters of movement)
• Solution: Refine definition to suit both parties
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Locational Boundary Disputes
• Focus on the delimitation and possible demarcation of the border
• The definition is not in dispute, but its interpretation is
• Sometimes language of boundary treaties vague so mapmakers delimit line in various ways
• Example: Colonial powers in Africa and Asia specified international boundaries carefully, but not internal administrative boundaries. Internal boundaries became boundaries of independent states – arguments
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Locational Boundary Disputes con’t.
• In a few instances locational disputes because NO definition of boundary at all. Example: Saudi Arabia & Yemen – oil-rich border had not been covered by border for years
• Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to delimitation of border in 2000
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Operational Boundary Disputes• Involve neighbors who differ over the way
their boundary should function
• Example: If one state wants to limit migration while the other does not, disputes may arise. Efforts to prevent smuggling across borders may cause disputes if both states are not equally invented in the process
• Nomadic movement of people & livestock across international border may = conflict
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Allocational Boundary Disputes• Disputes over resources• Today such disputes
involve international boundaries at sea
• Example: oil reserves under seafloor in coastal waters sometimes lie in areas where exact boundary delimitation may be difficult or debatable.
• Growing area of allocational dispute = water supplies. E.g.: Tigris, Nile, Colorado rivers