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BREACH FORMATIONA Review of State-of-the-Art
Mark MorrisHR Wallingford
IMPACT ProjectWorkshopWallingford, 16/17 May
2002
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Overview
Breach Formation
What is the problem with breach formation, and why?
What has been done in the past to predict breach conditions?
What tools exist already and what are our current capabilities?
What needs to be done? What is being done? Where does the future take us?
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Breach Formation
What is the problem to be solved? Why?
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The Process
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Breach Formation
The challenge...
What is the scope of the challenge?
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Breach Formation
End Users / Applications
Multiple end users Multiple applications Multiple processes Multiple situations Multiple loading Different failure modes
Dam owners,emergency planning, land use etc
Risk assess., asset management, planning etc
Location, initiation, formation etc
Dams, fluvial, coastal defences
Type and duration
Overtopping, piping, foundations etc
!!!
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Breach Formation
Process in relation to embankment type
Different processes are critical for different embankment types & locations
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Breach Formation
Process in relation to embankment type
Different processes are critical for different embankment types & locations
Multiple combination of effects leading to breach formation via many routes...
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Breach Formation
What has been done so far?
What has been done so far?
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Breach Formation
Definition of approach
Non - physically based methods e.g. Equation fitting (see review by Wahl)
Semi - physically based methods e.g. Models with user / pre-defined growth patterns
Physically based methods e.g. Simulation of hydraulics, sediment transport, soil
mechanics
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Breach Formation
Physically Based Models
15 models listed under Table 3 Various approaches, limitations & deficiencies
Consider how breach formation occurs Not many models combine hydraulics, sediment
movement & soil mechanics...
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Breach Formation
Achievements
What have we achieved through work on these 15 models (and
others)?
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CADAM
Findings: Breach modelling
Discharge through the breach (Run 2)
t [s]
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Q [l/s]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1
45
0
6
70 Measured1 NWS BREACH4 Paquier 2d5 Nogues / Goutal6 Broich7 Broich 2d
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Breach Formation
The Current Situation
Conclusion:
We have not yet produced a ‘reliable’ breach model
What is our real ability to predict: Peak discharge or hydrograph? Timing? Piping? Location?
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Breach Formation
What Needs to be Done?
Need to develop more reliable tools based on combined hydraulics and soil mechanics theory + ?
Conclusions from CADAM are broadly consistent with US conclusions for research:
(see 8 points in paper & Greg Hanson tomorrow)
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Breach Formation - Specific Processes
What Needs to be Done?
Modelling processes: Sediment transport equations not steady state Flow not 1D (USDA) Growth mechanisms not simply continuous
micro / macro bank instability ** Breach initiation? Removal of eroded material
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Breach Formation - Specific Processes
Erosion Processes
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Breach Formation - Specific Processes
What can be approximated - or not?
Modelling of: Valley shape Breach location Initiation mode Material properties Composite structure interaction
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Breach Formation - Specific Processes
Direction of research:
Modelling of: Real geometry free breach formation Better representation of processes
sediment continuity / eqns etc. Uncertainty? Use computing power 1D or 2D or 3D?
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Breach Formation
What Needs to be Done?
Breach formation processes Homogeneous, composite, non-cohesive, cohesive Flood hydrograph, timing, Overtopping, piping
Breach initiation Timing Factors Processes
Breach location Risk management
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Breach Formation
Present and Future Initiatives?
IMPACT - European Commission Reducing the Risk of Embankment Failure
Under Extreme Conditions (UK EA) USDA-ARS - SITES USBR / Quebec TU Delft HR BREACH - HR Wallingford University Research
IMPACT partners Birmingham, Durham, Australia, The world!
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Breach Formation
Present and Future Initiatives?
Climate Change Research (Various) Risk Based Flood Management (UK)
Dam Risk Management Modelling Decision Support Framework (MDSF) Risk Assessment for Coastal Defence Systems for
Strategic Planning (RASP)
PC-RING (Netherlands)
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Breach Formation
Conclusions - Future Direction
Where from here?
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Breach Formation
Future Direction
• Back to basic processes, fundamental principles (again?)
• Combine disciplines (hydraulics + soils + uncertainty + ?)
• Develop tools to support end users needs (risk management)
• Start simple complex (ensure realistic)
• Observe prototype behaviour (beware scale effects)
• Collate failure data (field data)
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Breach Formation
Future Direction - Secondary Challenges
Research throws up more challenges, such as:
• Scaling effects for sediments / erosion / breach formation
• Instrumentation for monitoring tests
• Instrumentation for operation and maintenance of embankments (IMPACT-ADD?)
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Breach Formation
Future Direction
IMPACT does offer an opportunity to progress work in this area by allowing researchers / end users:
• to participate with / share common data sets
• to objectively assess existing and new model performance
• to develop improved models based upon field, laboratory and case study data
By no means the only initiative - follow other initiatives worldwide...
The drive for risk based tools will return to fundamental processes...
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