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Breaking down the boundaries: Open Access to research results
Alma Swan
Key Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
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“The Role Of The Scientific Journal:First, to place before the general public the
grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and
daily life.
Secondly, to aid scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made
in any branch of natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an
opportunity of discussing the various scientific questions that arise from time to time.”
Nature, 4 November 1869Key Perspectives Ltd
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“At a time when the journal has become the primary vehicle for communicating research results …. libraries are finding it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, their journal collections ….” “…. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current scientific communication process is not working in the best interests of the scientific community, nor in the best interests of society as a whole.”Stephen Pinfield, 2005Deputy Chief Information Officer and Director of Teaching & Learning
Resources and Information Resources, University of Nottingham
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What has happened in the last 130 years? The number of scientific research
journals has grown, and grown, and grown…
Journal prices have risen - much faster than inflation. Since 1986: The UK retail price index has risen 70% Journal prices have risen 291%
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One result …
The ‘Men of Science’ do not have access to all the scientific literature they need to enable science to progress as efficiently and effectively as possible
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“The Role Of The Scientific Journal:
First, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and daily life.
Key Perspectives Ltd
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“American taxpayers are entitled to open access on the Internet to the peer-reviewed scientific articles on research funded by the U.S. Government … enhanced access to and expanded sharing of information will lead to usage by millions of scientists, professionals, and individuals, and will deliver an accelerated return on the taxpayers' investment.”
Alliance for Taxpayer Access
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“Speak to people in the medical profession and they will say the last thing they want is people who have illnesses reading this information, marching into surgeries and asking things.”
John Jarvis, Managing Director, Wiley Europe (one of the world’s largest science publishing houses)
Oral evidence to the House of Commons enquiry, 1 March
2004 Key Perspectives Ltd
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“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”
Robert Terry
Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust
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What Open Access is about
Freely available Publicly available Permanently available
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The Internet has enabled Open Access to science
Not constrained by the limitations of print on paper
Available to any individual with Internet access, worldwide
With proper arrangements in place, availability is permanent
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What Open Access is not about
NOT vanity publishing or self-publishing
NOT about non-peer-reviewed literature
NOT about publications that scientists expect to be paid for (e.g. books)
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Who benefits from Open Access?
Scientists – as authors Scientists – as readers Scientists – as teachers Universities Research funders Taxpayers and society at large Publishers
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Two ways to provide Open Access
Publish in an Open Access journal
Deposit copies of published articles in an Open Access repository (‘self-archiving’)
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Publishers
‘New’ Open Access publishers BioMedCentral Public Library of Science c1750 Open Access journals in existence
‘Traditional’ publishers offering a hybrid publishing model
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The scholarly journals business…
Govts / funders
Scientists Libraries
££££££
£££
£££
PublishersShareholders
Learned societies
Free
Free
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The open access scenario
Govts / funders
Scientists
£££
£££
Publishers
Shareholders
Learned societies
£££
Free
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Self-archiving Subject-centred repositories (e.g.
arXiv) Institutional repositories
Subject coverage reflects institution Interoperable (Open Archives Initiative-
compliant) Global interlinked network – a
worldwide database of researchKey Perspectives Ltd
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How are the authors responding?
24% have submitted an article to an Open Access journal (49% intend to)
22% have deposited an article in an Open Access institutional repository
15% have deposited an article in a subject-based Open Access repository
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Why researchers publish their work
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% r
esp
on
de
nts
Communicateresults to peers
Advance career Personalprestige
Gain funding Financial reward
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Open Access repositories
55 in UK (at end August 2005) 2 in Ireland 400+ worldwide Open source software (e.g. EPrints
from Southampton University)
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Developments around the world
Australian Govt funds nationwide network of repositories to make Australian science more visible
French funding bodies set up OP archives All German universities now have a
repository Netherlands has a nationwide ‘Cream of
Science’ initiative
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The developing world…
India is moving fast Brazil is well ahead China now developing a policy Pakistan has built its first
national repository
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In Britain…
The Wellcome Trust now has a mandate on all its grant-holders
JISC is putting additional funds into supporting publishers who wish to develop OA journals
RCUK (Research Councils UK) have a draft OA policy due to come into effect on October 1, 2005
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The communication of ideas
Speech Writing Printing The Internet
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Thank you for listening
www.keyperspectives.co.uk
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