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Bridge to the 20th Century
Industry, Immigration, and Reform- The
Progressive Movement
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The Origins of the Progressive Movement
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The Progressive MovementWho were they?
Journalists and writers, intellectuals, and political reformers.
How did it start?Began with dissatisfied farmers and spread to middle-class city dwellers.
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What did they want to do?Protect social welfarePromote Moral Improvement
Create Economic ReformFoster Efficiency
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Protecting Social WelfareSocial Gospel Movement and Settlement House Movement
Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA)
Salvation Army
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Promoting Moral Reform
ProhibitionThe legal banning of alcohol was pushed for by reformers
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ProhibitionSeen as a way to
Protect women against violence
Uplift immigrants
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ProhibitionAttacking saloons
Saloons provided cheap meals, cashed paychecks, and provided meeting places.
Attacks drew negative response from immigrants.
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The Vote for WomenSeen as the next step to promoting moral reform in society by women’s groups.
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Creating Economic ReformCorruption in business and
government attacked.Muckrakers
DefinitionJournalists who wrote about the corruption of business and politics.
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Fostering EfficiencyScientific Management
DefinitionThe effort to improve efficiency in the workplace by applying scientific principles.
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Assembly Line and Henry FordFord Motor Company used
assembly line to assemble cars.Increased productionTurned people into machines that exhausted themselves.
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To attract workers Ford paid $5 a day and reduced the work day to 8 hours.
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Cleaning Up Government
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Reforming Local Government
Power had to be taken from the corrupt political machine and given back to the people
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City CommissionsCity councils replaced by appointed commissions that ran certain city departments.
City-ManagerAppointed position where a qualified individual ran the city’s departments.
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Reforming State Government
Reform of businessStates began passing laws to reform business and industry.
Business had been buying off politicians to protect their industries.
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Reforming State Government
Child LaborProblems
Health concernsAccidentsLed hard adult lives
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Child LaborStates take on Child Labor
Supreme Court struck down child labor legislation from Congress
States passed laws limiting and banning child labor and cut it in half in a decade.
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Limiting Working HoursMuller v. Oregon
Supreme Court ruled a state could limit the working hours of women
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Limiting Working HoursResults
Led to other states following suit and soon limits were in place for men.10 hour days
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Workers CompensationIn 1902 states began passing laws to pay benefits to injured employees in dangerous occupations.
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Reforming ElectionsHow do you reform elections?Give power to the peopleStates adopted the secret ballot
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Reforming ElectionsInitiative and ReferendumState gave ordinary people the right to make law through the initiative and referendum.
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Initiative - bill created by ordinary people placed on ballotProposition
Referendum- was a vote by the public on the initiative
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Reforming ElectionsRecall
Enabled voters to remove elected officials by holding a special election before the end of their term.
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Election of Senators17th Amendment- Direct
Election of SenatorsUntil the 17th Amendment Senators were selected by state legislators-and by political machine bosses.
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Women in Public Life
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Role of WomenOn the Farm
Critical to family success and survival
As Domestic WorkersWomen of all races, but mostly of low economic class, served as domestic servants throughout the United States
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Role of WomenIn Industry
At first women did low skill jobs for more than half of what men got paid.
As business expanded women began to fill the roles of secretaries and teachers.
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Women as Reform LeadersSuffrage
Women’s groups had united to try and get the vote for women.
3 Part Plan
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First- convince state governments to grant the voteWestern states began to do so in 1869
Second- Get Supreme Court to rule on women and voting.Supreme Court did rule that women were citizens, but that did not guarantee the vote.
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Third- Push for a constitutional amendmentKept getting rejected.
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Teddy Roosevelt and the Square Deal
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BackgroundRoosevelt was born into a
wealthy New York familySickly as a child (asthma) he
grew to push himself to excel physically.
Graduate of HarvardMarried TwiceInspiration for the Teddy Bear
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Published author and recognized expert on US wildlife
Cattle Rancher
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Public ServiceNY State AssemblymanNYC Police CommissionerAsst. Secretary of the US
NavyGovernor of NYVice-President
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The Modern PresidencyTR was 1st “modern” president
Used popularity to shape policyInfluenced press and used them to gain influence
Saw presidency as a defender of the people against growing government power.
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Using Federal Power
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TR sought to see that the people got what he called a “square deal” from government.
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Labor Strikes1902 Coal Strikes
5 months into the strike winter was threatened and reserves were low.
TR forced both sides to meet with an arbitration commission which mediated (settled) the dispute
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Labor StrikesResult
TR established the right/responsibility of the federal government to intervene in labor disputes.
Showed disputes could be settled in an orderly manner- no violence.