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ecobuild Southeast Asia
Technology Symposium19thSeptember 2014,
Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
Computer Simulation and Passive
Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,P a r t 2 C o m p u t e r S i m u l a t i o nI r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s
www. m gbc . org . m yMALAYSIA GREEN BUILDING CONFEDERATION
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2 SYNOPSIS
COMPUTER MODELLING is increasing moving into mainstream commercial
application as cost comes down and computing power increases.
THIS PRESENTATION focuses on computer simulation in the building design life
cycle with the following topical subject:
(1) The building design life cycle
(2) Tools in the building design life cycle
(3) Types of computer simulation
(4) Developing the simulation model
(5) Simulation softwares
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19 th September 2014
4 THEBUILDINGLIFECYCLE
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19 th September 2014
5 CONCEPTDEVELOPMENT
The Design Life Cycle traditionally do not include assessment of building
performance at conceptual and design development stage.
Traditional concept development differs from current 3-D Sketchup programs.
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19 th September 2014
6 GOOGLESKETCHUPPARADIGMSHIFT
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7 THEBUILDINGLIFECYCLE
Concept Sketch
Visualisation
Architectural
eLibrary
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_10//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Architect.png -
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8 DESIGNDEVELOPMENT
CivilStructural
Structure eLibrary
Revit for
Structural
Engineering
MyCESSMMalaysia Civil Engineering
Standard Method of
Measurement
http://www.microsurvey.com/index.htmhttp://corp.agtek.com/ -
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9 DESIGNDEVELOPMENT
MEP eLibrary
MechanicalElectrical
www.dialux.de
Fluent
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10 TYPESOFSIMULATION
Building Energy
Solar Insolation
Thermal Massing
Air Flow - CFD
Thermal Comfort
Day light Simulation
Lighting Simulation
Faade Modelling
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QinTin
(22C)
12 UNDERSTANDCOMPONENTSINBUILDINGENERGY
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13 SIMULATIONFORBUILDINGENERGY
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Services FactorsAir Conditioning System design
(a) Direct solar heat gain through glazing
and walls
Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather
data
(b) Solar heat gain through roofs and walls Thermal Envelope (OTTV), weather
data
(c) Air Infiltration Building leakiness, weather data
(d) Human population Time-based human traffic
(e) Lighting load Time-based human traffic; day light
pattern
(d) Machine load Occupancy pattern
(e) Utilities Building design, occupancy pattern
(f) Parasitic Load Building security & system design
Lighting System design
(a) Artificial Lighting Occupancy pattern
(b) Day Lighting Sun position
Power / Plug Point Load Occupancy pattern
Lifts Occupancy pattern, human traffic
Utilities Occupancy pattern, system design
UNDERSTANDINGPARAMETERSWHICHAFFECTENERGYPROFILE&
COMPONENTSWHICHAREPASSIVEANDACTIVEFEATURES
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14 BUILDINGENERGY
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1. Solar heat gain and transmission:
(a) Sun position calculator
(b) Building Thermal Mass calculator (OTTV and RTTV)
2. Human occupancy pattern
Depending on the building usage type (office, retail, hotel, hospital
etc), load profile due to occupancy pattern can be modelled withreasonable accuracy. Occupancy pattern can also deemed to be
expert input in a rigorous energy model.
3. System Design
Issues relating to system design are varied and are usually NOT
amenable to mathematically modelling. In case, an expert systeminput is required. Examples are:
(a) Air infiltration due to building design;
(b) Chiller system design which affects performance (such as
efficiency, chiller sizing and part-loading, hydraulic efficiency, air
side efficiency etc)
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15 UNDERSTANDINGENERGYPROFILE
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ENERGYMODELLING; ENERGYDEMANDPROFILE
Demand Diversity Cd Max. Demand (kW) = Connected Load (kW) x Cd
Total kWh = MD (kW) x Hour Run (hr) x CLLoad Diversity CL
Time
kW
Connected Load
Transformer capacity
Energy consumed =
Area under curve =
kWh
Max. Demand
Average
Demand
Hour run/day
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16 IDENTIFYINGPARAMETERSINMODEL
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What is the Building Model ?
Define the
Building
Model
Maths
Model /
Expert
System
Identify the
Parameters
and Boundary
Conditions
Interpret
Results
RedefineParameters
& Boundary
Conditions
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Explanation of Terms.
Values affecting energy use.PARAMETERS
BOUNDARYCONDITIONSBoundaries defining the building model e,g, surfaces
delimiting a zone.
INTERNALBOUNDARIESWalls, ceiling, windows, roofs, floors:
Parameters Uvalues, reflectance,
EXTERNALBOUNDARIESSky conditions, Sun position:
Outdoor temperature, humidity.
17 IDENTIFYINGPARAMETERSINMODEL
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18 UNDERSTANDINGCONCEPTSINMODELLING
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Explanation of Terms Mathematical Modeling.
The behaviour of a system which can be defined by a mathematical model and then
automatically calculated to predict its behaviour.
1. SUNPOSITION(SOLARAZIMUTHANDHORIZONTAL) BASEDONTIMEOFDAYANDLATITUDE.
2. SOLAR IRRADIANCE (ENERGY/HEATING) VALUE CALCULATED BASED ON SUN POSITION AND
ATMOSPHERICCONDITIONS(LINKEINDEX).
3. THE SOLAR SHADING COEFFICIENT OF A SHADING DEVICE BASED ON ITS GEOMETRY AND SUN
POSITION.4. HEAT TRANSMISSION BASED ON (WEATHER DATA) TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN A
BOUNDARYANDUVALUEOFBOUNDARY.
5. THEENERGYCONSUMEDBASEDONCHILLERCOPANDLOADINGPATTERN, HYDRAULICLOSS(FLUID
FLOW), AIRSIDELOSS(STATICLOSS), AIRLEAKAGESETC.
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Explanation of Terms
Expert System.
The behaviour of a system which CANNOT be modelled mathematically but react
based on a tableof conditions and reaction.
1. ASSIGNING VALUES FOR PARAMETERS WHICH ARE ESSENTIALLY EMPIRICAL IN NATURE, E.G.VALUESFORPLUG-LOADS,DIVERSITYOFELECTRICLOADSETC.
2. DEFININGLOADPROFILEBASEDONANUNDERSTANDINGOFSPACEUSAGEANDBUILDINGTYPE.
3. OTHERLOADSCONTRIBUTINGTOENERGYDEMAND, E.G. LIFTS, PUMPS, APPLIANCES.
4. PARAMETERS WHICH ARE SIMPLIFICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING E.G. INSTEAD OF
RIGOROUSLYCALCULATINGTHEENERGYDEMANDOFACSYSTEMDUETOHYDRAULICLOSSESANDSTATIC HEAD, A SIMPLIFICATION DIVERSITY FACTOR MAY BE APPLIED. THE VALUES ASSIGN TO
THISPARAMETERISANEXPERTSYSTEMDECISION.
19 UNDERSTANDINGCONCEPTSINMODELLING
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20 UNDERSTANDINGCONCEPTSINMODELLING
The Main Parameters in Energy Modeling.
Summary of Energy Consumption
1. AIRCONDITIONING(COOLING) 40% TO60%.
2. LIGHTING15% TO25%.
3. PLUG-LOAD(POWEROUTLETS) 5% TO15%
4. LIFTSANDESCALATORS2% TO8%
5. PUMPSANDHYDRAULICSHYDRAULICS
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21 UNDERSTANDINGENERGYPROFILE
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Services Factors affecting kWh usage Parameters in design
ACMV Heat Transmission through walls/roof Weather Data
Solar irradiance OTTV, RTTV, Sun position & shading
calculation
Air Infiltration Weather data
Human population/traffic Time-based traffic
Lighting load Human traffic, day light factor
Machine load Occupancy Pattern
Utility
Lighting Human traffic Occupancy Pattern
Day Lighting Sun Position, glare control
Power/ Plug
Load
Human Traffic Occupancy Pattern
Utility Usage Pattern
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23
23 FIRSTSTEP
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You need to build up a 3-D model of your building.
1. Import 3-D model from the architect OR
2. Develop from scratch a 3-D model.
3. Developing a complex 3D model is time consuming! A complex
3D model may also require too much from your PC and may take
too long to calculate.
4. Simplify your building model. Simulate regions /zones of your
building in piece-meal fashion.
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24
24 BIMCOLLABORATIVEMODELLING
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Courtesy of Autodesk
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25
25 BIMCOLLABORATIVEMODELLING
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Parametric
Information Reuse
Representation
Integration
http://www.nibs.org/index.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArchiCAD-logo.jpg -
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26
26 BIMCOLLABORATIVEMODELLING
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Building Information Modelling (BIM)
1. 3D Modelling is the norm.
2. Drawing is a collection of objects and models (in traditional CAD,
drawing elements are collection of lines, arcs and planar
objects). E.g. in BIM walls are objects which may have levels ofcomplexity while in traditional CAD walls are a collection of lines
and planes.
3. Collecting and managing library of standard objects.
4. Collaborative design by disparate design team members5. Extraction of DATA for analysis e.g. BQ extraction, clash analysis
6. Cross platform exchange of data (This is still a PROBLEM).
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27 THE3-D MODELLINGPROBLEM
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Building Information Modelling
Building elements, e.g. walls, roof, slabs, ceilings etc are objects. These objects mayalso have levels of complexities depending on the BIM model i.e. 3D, 4D or 5D
Data extraction for ALL building elements possible.
Energy simulation
Model recognises 3D space (zones) only. Thermal space are closed and bounded bysurfaces. Elements bounding a zone/space (walls, glazing etc.) have parameters suchas U and SC values.
Building orientation and local weather data is essential for the model.
BIM model with too much architectural detailing may slow down the simulation
Lighting simulation
Model recognise surfaces only and surfaces has values related to lighting and optics(reflectance, .colour etc).
Architectural complexities are not recognised. Complex surface slows downcalculation (simplify surface as much as possible).
Shading devices and reflectors must be properly tagged for recognition.Building orientation and location is essential.
Air Flow Simulation (CFD)
Model recognises surfaces. Most CFD software generates surface-mesh from surfaces.
Surfaces which are too complex will burden the model e.g. niche and columns in wallsetc. Simplify surfaces. In outdoor air flow, ground surfaces are also recognised
Issues of importing 3-D files from CAD software.
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28 BUILDINGENERGYSOFTWARE
19 th September 2014
BEIT Free http://www.acem.com.my
Energy 10 Public domain http://www.nrel.gov/buildings/energ
y10.html
Energy Plus Public domain http://www.energyplus.gov/
ESPr Public domain http://www.esru.strath.ac.ukIES VE Commercial http://www.iesve.com
TAS Commercial http://www.edsl.net/main/
BSims Commercial http://www.bsim.dk
DOE-2 Commercial http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/
Ecotect Commercial http://usa.autodesk.com
Revit Commercial http://usa.autodesk.com
Google
SketchUp
Public domain http://www.sketchup.com
Energy Software
3D Model
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29 BUILDINGENERGYSOFTWARE
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Dialux Free http://www.dial.de
Radiance Public domain http://radsite.lbl.gov/radiance/HOM
E.htmlRayfront Commercial http://www.schorsch.com/
Fluent Commercial http://www.iesve.com
FloVent Commercial http://www.flovent.com/ANSYS CFX Commercial http://www.ansys.com/products/fl
uid-dynamics/cfx/
List of CFD Softwares (free and
commercial)
http://www.cfd-
online.com/Wiki/Codes
Lighting & Day Lighting.
CFD
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31 TRADITIONALMANUALCALCULATION
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Traditionally building heat load is manually calculated using a spread sheet
type calculator. Each thermal space is calculated and the total thermal load
for the building added. This model assumes a worst case basis.
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32 TRADITIONALMANUALCALCUATION
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A painstakingly more rigorous method may calculate energy consumption
based on usage pattern which fluctuates with the time of day.
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33 BEIT (BUILDINGENERGYINDEXTOOL)
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www.acem.com.my Association of Consulting engineers Malaysia
http://www.acem.com.my/http://www.acem.com.my/ -
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35 BEIT (BUILDINGENERGYINDEXTOOL)
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Navigate back to Proposed OTTV
Change back all U values for Glazing
to 5.7.
Navigate back to Input Data page
(a) Delete costing for glazing.
(b) Scroll down to 7 ACMV
In Baseline Building we assume ACPU
with CoP of 2.6
In Proposed Building we assume
(mini) chilled water system with CoPof 3.9
We assume water eff. For proposed
building at 12% (small building)
CASE3USE CHILLEDWATERSYSTEMINSTEADOFACPU FORAC
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19 th September 2014
Navigate to Print Report Page
We find a summary of report:
(a) Based on 38sen/kWh
(b) Savings is RM 45,571 per year
(c) For investment of RM 285,000
RoI is 6.3 years
36 BEIT (BUILDINGENERGYINDEXTOOL)
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38 ECOTECT
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39 ECOTECTDEVELOPINGTHEMODELINREVIT
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40 EXPORTINGREVITTOECOTECTGBLXMLFORMAT
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41 THEECOTECT DAYLIGHTMODEL
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42 ECOTECTENERGYMODEL
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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
00
100000
100000
200000
200000
300000
300000
400000
400000
W
500000
HVAC Load Conduction SolAir Direct Solar Ventilation Internal Inter-Zonal
HOURLY GAINS - All Visible Thermal Zones Friday 6th July (187) - KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470
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43 ECOTECTENERGYMODEL
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
00
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
000000
W
000000
Heating Cooling
MONTHLY HEATING/ COOLING LOADS - All Visible Thermal Zones KUALA LUMPUR - MYS, WMO#=486470
MONTHLYTHERMALLOAD
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44 REVITAUTODESKSUNPATHSHADOW
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45 DIALUX& LIGHTING
19 th September 2014
Dialux is a FREE lighting software. Downloadwww.dial.de
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46 DIALUX& LIGHTING
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47 DIALUX& LIGHTING
19 th September 2014
The following is a simulation of office as shown above. The front part of the
office comprise full glass. Case 1 normal clear glass 70% VLT and case 2
opaque glass 11% VLT
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48 DIALUX& LIGHTING
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20 March 201419 th September 2014
49 AIRFLOWCFD
OpenFoam is an opensource CFD
software. However its GUI is difficult. Other
popular software is Fluent, WinAir4 etc.
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Computer Simulation and Passive
Design to Building Energy Efficiency ,
Part 2 Simulation for Building EEI r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B . E n g ( H o n s ) , F I E M , J u r u t e r a G a s
ecobuild Southeast Asia
Technology Symposium19thSeptember 2014,
Putra World Trade Centre, Kuala Lumpur
MALAYSIA GREEN BUILDING CONFEDERATION