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Building Soil Quality with No-Till, Crop Rotations & Cover Crops
Building Soil Quality with No-Till, Crop Rotations & Cover Crops
$$$$$$$$
D. Wayne ReevesJ. Phil Campbell Sr. Natural Resource Conservation Center
D. Wayne ReevesJ. Phil Campbell Sr. Natural Resource Conservation Center
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“Soil degradation prevents the full
use of the soil resource to meet
human needs and impacts
ecosystem functions.”
“Soil degradation prevents the full
use of the soil resource to meet
human needs and impacts
ecosystem functions.”USDA-ARS Soil Resource Management National Program USDA-ARS Soil Resource Management National Program
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“Agricultural mismanagement is the
most important causative factor of
soil degradation . . . . .”
“Agricultural mismanagement is the
most important causative factor of
soil degradation . . . . .”
Oldeman, 1994United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Assessment of Soil Degradtion (GlASOD)
Oldeman, 1994United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Global Assessment of Soil Degradtion (GlASOD)
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“Perhaps the most dominant soil degradative processes are soil erosion and organic matter decline.”
“Perhaps the most dominant soil degradative processes are soil erosion and organic matter decline.” B.A. Stewart, R. Lal, and S.A. El-Swaify. Sustaining
the Resource Base of an Expanding World Agriculture.In: Soil Management for Sustainability. R. Lal and F.J. Pierce (eds.), 1991.
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Soil Quality is the Converse of Degradation
Soil Quality is the Converse of Degradation
Environmental QualityEnvironmental Quality
Agricultural ProductivityAgricultural Productivity
Soil QualitySoil Quality
Health/HabitationHealth/Habitation
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Soil c web
from Doran et al., 1993from Doran et al., 1993
Total Organic C and N
Total Organic C and N
InfiltrationInfiltration
SoilSoilStrengthStrength
BulkBulkDensit
yDensity
WaterWater
contentcontent
retentionretention
capacitycapacity
SizeSizeDistributionDistribution
NH and NO , NH and NO , P, K, Ca, Al, P, K, Ca, Al,
CECCEC
NH and NO , NH and NO , P, K, Ca, Al, P, K, Ca, Al,
CECCEC
33334444
Microbial Biomass Microbial Biomass C and NC and N
SoilSoilRespirationRespiration
NN
Biomass CBiomass Cto TOC ratioto TOC ratio
RespirationRespirationto Biomass ratioto Biomass ratio
mineralizedmineralized CCCCAggregate Aggregate StabilityStability
Soil C is basis of Soil Quality/ProductivitySoil C is basis of Soil Quality/Productivity
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Soil c web
SOM=SOC (x2)SOM=SOC (x2)SOM=SOC (x2)SOM=SOC (x2)
Soil C is the basis of Agricultural Sustainability . . . .Soil C is the basis of Agricultural Sustainability . . . .
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Sandor and Eash, 1991Sandor and Eash, 1991
Evidence for Sustainability: SOM from ancient agricultural
sites
Evidence for Sustainability: SOM from ancient agricultural
sites
New Mexico1000-1150 ADNew Mexico
1000-1150 AD
Peru400 AD-present
Peru400 AD-present
continuous corncontinuous corn
diverse rotations, green & animal manures
diverse rotations, green & animal manures
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Sandor and Eash, 1991Sandor and Eash, 1991
SO
M (
%)
SO
M (
%)
Evidence for Sustainability: SOM from ancient agricultural
sites
Evidence for Sustainability: SOM from ancient agricultural
sites
New Mexico1000-1150 ADNew Mexico
1000-1150 AD
00
44
33
22
11
Peru400 AD-present
Peru400 AD-present
Continuous CornContinuous Corn Rotation+Manures
Rotation+Manures
CultivatedCultivatedUncultivatedUncultivated
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Conservation Tillage!Conservation Tillage!
How to increase soil C and improve soil quality?How to increase soil C and improve soil quality?
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Compass loamy sand
Compass loamy sand
Dep
th (
cm)
Dep
th (
cm)
00
55
2020
1515
1010
SOM (%)SOM (%)00 11 22 33 44 55
No-TillNo-Till
ConventionalConventional
Tillage impact on SOM after 10 y on a sandy soilTillage impact on SOM after 10 y on a sandy soil
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GA corn erosion pic Conservation tillage alone does Conservation tillage alone does notnot work !work !Conservation tillage alone does Conservation tillage alone does notnot work !work !
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Attitude adjustment
Attitude Adjustment . . . Attitude Adjustment . . . Soil C and crop residuesSoil C and crop residues are the key to making are the key to making conservation tillage work. It’s not conservation tillage work. It’s not “the lack of “the lack of tillage”tillage” but the production & conservation of crop but the production & conservation of crop residues which offers the most benefit to residues which offers the most benefit to productivity.productivity.
Attitude Adjustment . . . Attitude Adjustment . . . Soil C and crop residuesSoil C and crop residues are the key to making are the key to making conservation tillage work. It’s not conservation tillage work. It’s not “the lack of “the lack of tillage”tillage” but the production & conservation of crop but the production & conservation of crop residues which offers the most benefit to residues which offers the most benefit to productivity.productivity.
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USAUSA
(%)
Ad
opti
on
(%)
Ad
opti
on
00BrazilBrazil ArgentinaArgentina ParaguayParaguay
Derpsch, 2004Derpsch, 2004
2020
4040
6060
Brazilian Model . . .Brazilian Model . . .
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HotHot
CoolCool DryDryWetWet
Need
for
Resi
du
eN
eed
for
Resi
du
e
Need for crop residues to sustain soil resource as affected by climate.Need for crop residues to sustain soil resource as affected by climate.
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Conservation tillage – key component . . .
cover crops/residue
Conservation tillage – key component . . .
cover crops/residue
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Effect of cover crop on SOM in no-till corn after 5 years . . .Effect of cover crop on SOM in no-till corn after 5 years . . .
Reeves and Wood, 1994Reeves and Wood, 1994
Dep
th (
cm)
Dep
th (
cm) 0-30-3
6-126-12
3-63-6
SOM (%)SOM (%)
0.50.5 1.51.5 2.52.5 3.53.5
clovercloverfallowfallow
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Effect of tillage/rye cover crop on SOM after 5 yEffect of tillage/rye cover crop on SOM after 5 yD
ep
th (
cm)
Dep
th (
cm)
00
55
2020
1515
1010
2525Decatur silt loamDecatur silt loam
SOM (%)SOM (%)00 11 22 33 44 55
No-Till w/o coverNo-Till w/o cover
Conventional w/o coverConventional w/o cover
No-Till w/ coverNo-Till w/ cover
Fall Paratill w/ coverFall Paratill w/ cover
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-Will Rogers, ca. -Will Rogers, ca. 19311931
-Will Rogers, ca. -Will Rogers, ca. 19311931
““Here is my Farm Relief Bill: Every time a Here is my Farm Relief Bill: Every time a Southerner plants nothing on his farm but Southerner plants nothing on his farm but cotton year after year, and the Northerner cotton year after year, and the Northerner
nothing but wheat or corn, why, take a nothing but wheat or corn, why, take a hammer and hit him twice right between the hammer and hit him twice right between the eyes. You may dent your hammer, but it will eyes. You may dent your hammer, but it will do more real good than all the bills you can do more real good than all the bills you can
pass in a year.”pass in a year.”
““Here is my Farm Relief Bill: Every time a Here is my Farm Relief Bill: Every time a Southerner plants nothing on his farm but Southerner plants nothing on his farm but cotton year after year, and the Northerner cotton year after year, and the Northerner
nothing but wheat or corn, why, take a nothing but wheat or corn, why, take a hammer and hit him twice right between the hammer and hit him twice right between the eyes. You may dent your hammer, but it will eyes. You may dent your hammer, but it will do more real good than all the bills you can do more real good than all the bills you can
pass in a year.”pass in a year.”
Crop RotationCrop Rotation
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No legume/no N (1, 6) Winter legumes (2,3, 8) 120 lbs. N/acre/yr (13)
Cotton every year
Cotton-corn rotation Winter legume (4,7)
Winter legume + 120 lbs. N/acre/yr (5,9)
3-year rotation
Cotton (legumes)-Corn (small grain for grain)soybean (10,11,12)
Old Rotation ExperimentOld Rotation Experiment
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250250250250
100100100100
0000
Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)
200200200200
50505050
CotCotCotCotCot(Leg) Cot(Leg) Cot(Leg) Cot(Leg)
Cot/Corn (Leg)Cot/Corn (Leg)Cot/Corn (Leg)Cot/Corn (Leg)Cot/Corn (Leg+134 kg Cot/Corn (Leg+134 kg N/ha/yr)N/ha/yr)Cot/Corn (Leg+134 kg Cot/Corn (Leg+134 kg N/ha/yr)N/ha/yr)
150150150150
1986-19951986-19951986-19951986-1995
““Old Rotation” cotton yield increase from Old Rotation” cotton yield increase from first ten years (1896-1905) first ten years (1896-1905)
““Old Rotation” cotton yield increase from Old Rotation” cotton yield increase from first ten years (1896-1905) first ten years (1896-1905)
1996-20051996-20051996-20051996-2005
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400400400400
200200200200
Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)Yie
ld In
crease
(%
)
600600600600
300300300300
500500500500 1986-19951986-19951986-19951986-1995
Corn/Cot (Leg)Corn/Cot (Leg)Corn/Cot (Leg)Corn/Cot (Leg)
Cot/Corn (Leg +134 kg Cot/Corn (Leg +134 kg N/ha/yr)N/ha/yr)Cot/Corn (Leg +134 kg Cot/Corn (Leg +134 kg N/ha/yr)N/ha/yr)Cot/Corn/Wht-Soy (Leg +60 kg N/ha on wheat)Cot/Corn/Wht-Soy (Leg +60 kg N/ha on wheat)Cot/Corn/Wht-Soy (Leg +60 kg N/ha on wheat)Cot/Corn/Wht-Soy (Leg +60 kg N/ha on wheat)
1996-20051996-20051996-20051996-2005
““Old Rotation” corn yield increase from Old Rotation” corn yield increase from first ten years (1896-1905) first ten years (1896-1905)
““Old Rotation” corn yield increase from Old Rotation” corn yield increase from first ten years (1896-1905) first ten years (1896-1905)
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Conservation Tillage-constraints…Cooler, Wetter Soils
Conservation Tillage-constraints…Cooler, Wetter Soils
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MAY 1
65 oF @ 8:00 a.m.
Manage constraints . . .Manage constraints . . .
50 DD60’s
50 DD60’s
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MAY
50 -55 oF @ 8:00 a.m.
Manage constraints . . .Manage constraints . . .
2800 GDD
2800 GDD
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Conservation Tillage-constraints…Poor Seed-Soil Contact
Conservation Tillage-constraints…Poor Seed-Soil Contact
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Conservation Tillage-constraints…Soil Compaction/Crusting
Conservation Tillage-constraints…Soil Compaction/Crusting
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Manage compaction . . .Manage compaction . . .
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Manage residue . . . Manage residue . . .
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Manage compaction . . .Manage compaction . . .Non-Inversion TillageNon-Inversion Tillage
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Timing Non-inversion TillageTiming Non-inversion Tillage
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Conservation tillage – key components . . .
Manage soil compaction
Conservation tillage – key components . . .
Manage soil compaction
Cover Crops/ ResidueCover Crops/ ResidueCover Crops/ ResidueCover Crops/ Residue
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Conservation tillage – key components . . .
Manage soil compaction
Conservation tillage – key components . . .
Manage soil compaction
No Cover Crop or Rotation !No Cover Crop or Rotation !
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Conventional TillageConventional Tillage
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No-Till w/o Cover CropNo-Till w/o Cover Crop
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No-Till with Cover CropNo-Till with Cover Crop
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No-Till with Cover Crop and Fall ParatillingNo-Till with Cover Crop and Fall Paratilling
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Agricultural ProductivityAgricultural Productivity
Health/HabitationHealth/Habitation
Environmental QualityEnvironmental Quality
Soil QualitySoil Quality
Tillage negates cropping system effects!
Tillage negates cropping system effects!
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Effect of cropping/tillage systemon SOC (0-15 cm) from an eroded UltisolEffect of cropping/tillage systemon SOC (0-15 cm) from an eroded Ultisol
Bruce et al., 1995Bruce et al., 1995
Soil
Carb
on
(g
kg
–1)
Soil
Carb
on (
g k
g –1
)
55
1010
3030
2525
2020
1515
19841984 19861986 19881988 19901990
Year Year
conversion to conventional till soybean
conversion to conventional till soybean
Grain sorghum no-till intocrimson cloverGrain sorghum no-till intocrimson clover
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No-tillageNo-tillage Conventional tillageConventional tillage
Top 2-cm of soil after 6 y of corn-soybean with clover cover cropTop 2-cm of soil after 6 y of corn-soybean with clover cover crop
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Water is key picsWater is THETHE key!Water is THETHE key!
$$$$
$$$$
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Surface soil effects pic Residues/Soil C: Surface soil effects are most critical
Residues/Soil C: Surface soil effects are most critical
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Rainfall sim pic lead-in
Rainfall Simulation Study . . . Rainfall Simulation Study . . .
Tillage Systems 12 yr old Tillage Systems 12 yr old
+/- residue removed+/- residue removed
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Rain
fall
(%)
Rain
fall
(%)
100100
8080
00
6060
4040
2020
No Till w/ residue
No Till w/ residue
No Till w/o residue
No Till w/o residue
ConventionalTillage
ConventionalTillage
Tillage and residue effects on infiltration of a Coastal Plain Soil (50-mm rain event)Tillage and residue effects on infiltration of a Coastal Plain Soil (50-mm rain event)
3 days3 days
11 days11 days
6 days6 days
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Conservation Tillage Systems are Site-Specific. . . ..
Conservation Tillage Systems are Site-Specific. . . ..
Limestone Valleys – Clay SoilsLimestone Valleys – Clay Soils
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Coastal Plain – Sandy SoilsCoastal Plain – Sandy Soils
Conservation Tillage Systems are Site-Specific. . . ..
Conservation Tillage Systems are Site-Specific. . . ..
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The Future: Site Specific Soil Management
The Future: Site Specific Soil Management
GPS Guidance SystemGPS Guidance System
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Electrical Conductivity MapElectrical Conductivity Map
-85.8995-85.8995 -85.899-85.899 -85.8985-85.8985 -85.898-85.898 -85.8975-85.8975 -85.897-85.897 -85.8965-85.8965 -85.896-85.896 -85.8955-85.8955
32.424532.4245
22 44 55..55 77 88..55
32.424032.4240
32.423532.4235
32.423032.4230
32.422532.4225
32.422032.4220
32.421532.4215
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No-tillage improves degraded soils andreduces spatial and temporal yield variablilityNo-tillage improves degraded soils andreduces spatial and temporal yield variablility
Conservation Tillage
Conservation Tillage
Conventional TillageConventional Tillage
(+16%)(+16%)
(+11%)(+11%)
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Conclusions…Conclusions…
Soil degradation is the problem . . .Soil degradation is the problem . . .
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Conservation tillage by itself cannot solve the problem of soil degradation . . .
Conservation tillage by itself cannot solve the problem of soil degradation . . .
Conclusions…Conclusions…
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Conclusions…Conclusions…
Soil degradation is the problem . . . Soil degradation is the problem . . .
Residue production and conservation is the solutionResidue production and conservation is the solution
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Conclusions…Conclusions…
Soil degradation is the problem . . . .Soil degradation is the problem . . . .Residue
production . . . . Residue
production . . . . Conservation tillage and cropping intensity are
the means to the solution
Conservation tillage and cropping intensity are
the means to the solution
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“It is not the stronger of the
species that survives, nor the
most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change.”
“It is not the stronger of the
species that survives, nor the
most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change.”
Charles DarwinCharles Darwin