![Page 1: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BZ572 - Phytoremediation
Elizabeth Pilon-SmitsBiology Department
E413 ANAZO491-4991
![Page 2: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Let’s hear from you
Please write on piece of paper: • Degree, major/department, reg./auditing?
• What is your career goal?
• How does phytoremediation fit in?
• Any particular aspects of phytoremediation
you are most interested in?
![Page 4: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
BZ572 – Course Info
Text: No book, only papers from course website
Topics: - Intro to phytoremediation- Phyto of inorganics*)- Phyto of organics*)- 1 Lab expt, 1 trip to a lab, 1 field trip (if interest), 5 guest lectures, in-class exercises, job info*) mechanisms of uptake, translocation, detoxification,effects of soil, microbes on remediation, approaches to enhance phyto efficiency, including genetic engineering
webct
![Page 5: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Exams: 50% of total grade- 1 midterm + 1 final exam (not comprehensive)
Grading: Conventional, no curving
essay questions
Term paper & presentation: 30% of grade- write web page/proposal/review + present
In-class participation: 20% of grade- lab report, in-class group assignments, literature discussions
![Page 6: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Introduction to Phytoremediation
• History
• Status
• Uses
• Phytoremediation strategies
• Advantages
• Limitations
![Page 7: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
History of phytoremediation• for centuries: wetlands used for
waste treatment in Europe
• last century: metal hyperaccumulatorplants discovered - used as indicators for mining
• 1980s: - superfund act (1986 - 8.5 billion $)- idea to use hyperaccumulator plants for metal cleanup (Chaney)
• 1970s: - clean water act, clean air act
![Page 8: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
History of phytoremediation (cont.)
• 1995: first phytorem. conference
phytoremediation takes off
• 1994: phytoremediation term coined (Ilya Raskin)
massive interest from gov. & industry- DOE phytorem. workshop - first phytorem. company (Phytotech)
![Page 9: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
History of phytoremediation (cont.)
• 2000: EPA phyto conference
• 2000: 1st phyto faculty positions
• 2000: 1st phyto course (this one)
• 2001, 2003: 1st, 2nd phyto call for proposals•(NSF/EPA/DOE)
• 2000, 2001: 1st, 2nd professors in phyto•(U Mich, U S-Carolina)
• 1995: First phyto conference Columbia MO
• 1994: Term phytoremediation first used•(Raskin)
![Page 10: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• U.S. phytoremediation market
1999 $ 30 - 49 million / yr
2004 $ 100-150 million / yr
• World phytoremediation market
1999 $ 34 - 58 million
Status of phytoremediation
(Glass, 1999, 2004 pers. comm.)
• Total remediation marketUS: $ 6-8 billion/yrWorld: $ 25-50 billion/yr
![Page 11: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• ~200 field projects - funded mostly by EPA, DOD, DOE- some commercial/joint projects
• 9 purely phytorem. companies• 7 constructed wetland companies
• > 40 consulting/engin. companies that also do phytoremediation
Status of phytoremediation (cont.)
![Page 12: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation
• air• soils, sediments• groundwater• wastewater streams
- industrial - agricultural- municipal, sewage
Remediation of different media:
![Page 13: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
• inorganics:- metals (Pb, Cd, Zn, Cr, Hg)- metalloids (Se, As)- “nutrients” (K, P, N, S)- radionuclides (Cs, U)
Remediation of different pollutants:
• organics: - PCBs- PAHs- TCE- TNT- MTBE- pesticides- petroleum hydrocarbonsEtc.
![Page 14: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
• farming polluted soil
• irrigation with polluted groundwater
• letting trees tap into groundwater
• letting plants filter water streamsconstructed wetlands, hydroponics
Remediation using different systems:
![Page 15: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Hydraulic barrierdifferent systems:
![Page 16: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Vegetative capdifferent systems:
![Page 17: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• Constructed wetlands
different systems:
![Page 18: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
different systems: hydroponics with polluted wastewater
![Page 19: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Roots of mustardExtend into effluentActing as filters for heavy metals
![Page 20: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
• high tolerance to the pollutants• high biomass production, fast growth • large, deep root system• good accumulator/degrader of pollutant• able to compete with other species• economic value
Properties of a good phytoremediator:
Remediation using different plants
![Page 21: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
• trees
Popular plants for phytoremediation
various organicsmetals
poplar
willow
gum treeyellow poplar
![Page 22: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
• For inorganics
Popular plants for phytoremediation
• grasses
(cont.):
Brassica junceaAlyssum
Thlaspi
Brassicaceae:
![Page 23: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
Popular plants for phytoremediation(cont.):
hemp
kenafbamboo
various grasses
red fescuebuffalo grass
for organics
for inorganics
![Page 24: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Uses of phytoremediation (cont.)
Popular plants for phytoremediation
parrot feather
poplar, willow spartina
halophytes
salicornia
reed
aquatic plantscattail
for organics
for inorganics
![Page 25: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Phytoremediation
Mechanical/chemical treatment• Soil washing• Excavation + reburial• Chemical cleanup of soil/water• Combustion
In situ
Ex situFossil fuels for energy
Solar energy
![Page 27: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phytoremediation vs. Mechanical/chemical treatment
• Cheaper
Advantages of phytoremediation
~10 - 100x
Excavation & reburial: up to $1 million/acre
Revegetation: ~$20,000/acre
![Page 28: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Phytoremediation vs. Mechanical/chemical treatment
Advantages of phytoremediation (cont.)
• Less intrusive
• Can be more permanent solution
• Better public acceptance
![Page 29: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Limitations of phytoremediation
Phytoremediation vs. Mechanical/chemical treatment (cont.)
• Can be slower
Limited by rate of biological processes
- Metabolic breakdown (organics): fairly fast- Filter action by plants: fast (days)
-Accumulation in plant tissue: slow e.g. metals: average 15 yrs to clean up site
(< 1yr)
![Page 30: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Limitations of phytoremediation (cont.)
Phytoremediation vs. Mechanical/chemical treatment (cont.)
• Limited root depthTrees > prairie grasses > forbs, other grasses
Max depth ~5 m
Can be increased up to 20m with “deep planting”
![Page 31: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Limitations of phytoremediation (cont.)
Phytoremediation vs. Mechanical/chemical treatment (cont.)
• Plant tolerance to pollutant/conditions
• Bioavailability of contaminant
- Bigger problem with metals than organics- Can be alleviated using amendments, or
treating hot spots by other method
- Bioavailability can be enhanced by amendments
![Page 32: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
So, when choose phytoremediation?
• Sufficient time available • Pollution shallow enough• Pollutant concentrations not phytotoxic
For very large quantities of mildly contaminated substrate: phytoremediation only cost-effective option
Note: Phyto may be used in conjunction with other remediation methods
• $$ limited
![Page 33: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Phytoremediation processes
![Page 34: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Phytoremediation processes
phytostabilization
![Page 35: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• Phytostabilization: pollutant immobilized in soil
- Metals- Non-bioavailable organics
1. Plants reduce leaching, erosion, runoff pollutant stays in place
2. Plants + microbes may transform pollutant to less bioavailable form
(e.g. metal precipitation on roots)
![Page 36: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
phytostimulation
Phytoremediation processes
![Page 37: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
• Phytostimulation: plant roots stimulate degradation of pollutant by rhizosphere microbes
Organics e.g. PCBs, PAHs
bacteria, fungi
![Page 38: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
phytodegradation
Phytoremediation processes
![Page 39: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
• Phytodegradation: plants degrade pollutant, with/without uptake, translocation
Certain organicse.g. TCE, TNT, atrazine
Via enzymes, e.g. oxygenases nitroreductase
in tissues or in root exudate
![Page 40: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
accumulation
phytoextraction
Phytoremediation processes
![Page 41: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
• Phytoextraction: pollutant accumulated in harvestable plant tissues
mainly inorganics:metalsmetalloidsradionuclides
Plant biomass may be used (e.g. to mine metals, or non-food industrial use)
or disposed after minimizing volume(incineration, composting)
![Page 42: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Phytoremediation processes
phytovolatilization
![Page 43: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
• Phytovolatilization: pollutant released in volatile form into the air
some metal(loid)s: Se, As, Hgsome volatile organics: TCE, MTBE
![Page 44: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
stabilization degradation
volatilization
accumulation
Phytoremediation applications may involve
multiple processes at once
![Page 45: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Rhizofiltration
water
![Page 46: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
• Rhizofiltration: pollutant removed from water by plant roots in hydroponic system
for inorganics
Plant roots & shoots harvestable (may be used to mine metals)
or disposed after minimizing volume
metalsmetalloidsradionuclides
![Page 47: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Rhizofiltration
• Hydroponics for metal remediation:75% of metals removed from mine drainage
Involves: • phytoextraction• phytostabilization
![Page 48: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
• Constructed wetland for Se remediation:
Involves: •phytoextraction• phytovolatilization• phytostabilization• (rhizofiltration)• (phytostimulation)
75% of Se removed from ag drainage water
![Page 49: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
• Natural attenuation: polluted site left alone but monitored
• Vegetative cap: polluted site revegetated, then left alone, monitored
with/without adding clean topsoil
![Page 50: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Hydraulic barrier
H2O
Water flow redirectedPollutants intercepted
![Page 51: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Phytoremediation project (1996-)(Phytokinetics inc.)
Oregon siteSoil polluted with PAHsPlanted with grass (Lolium perenne)
Results: bare soil: some PAH removalvegetated soil: increased PAH removal (~4x)
Process? Phytostimulation/phytodegradation
![Page 52: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Phytoremediation project (1995-1998)(Phytotech inc.)
New Jersey siteSoil polluted with lead (Pb)Planted with Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Results (after 3 growing seasons): bare soil: 6% reduction in Pbvegetated soil: 29% reduction in Pb
Process? Phytoextraction
![Page 53: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Phytoremediation project (1997)(COE)
Mississippi siteGroundwater polluted with TNTpumped through constructed wetland
Results:95% reduction in TNTendogenous plant enzymes found todegrade TNT
Process? Phytodegradation
![Page 54: BZ572 - Phytoremediation Elizabeth Pilon-Smits Biology Department E413 ANAZO 491-4991 epsmits@lamar.colostate.edu](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022013012/56649e185503460f94b045ce/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Some light reading:
Print from Course Website•EPA: Citizen’s guide to Phytoremediation
•EPA: Citizen’s guide to Natural Attenuation
•Pilon-Smits, 2005Phytoremediation (review)Ann Rev Plant Biology