CHAPTER 9
Children and Parents
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McGraw-Hill © 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
Prepared by Cathie Robertson, Grossmont College
DATE WITH THE FAMILY
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WHAT ARE PARENTS SUPPOSED TO DO FOR CHILDREN?
Love, nurturing, & care to develop sense of trust
Assistance toward autonomy
Guidance, discipline, & support
Source of primary socialization
PARENTING
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtJ5-_9V1fkRoseanne
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gbkM_3teyQs&feature=related
Learning from what parents do.
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SOCIALIZATION AS SUPPORT AND CONTROL
Types of Parenting (Baumrind)
Authoritative high levels of emotional support and consistent moderate control
Permissive some support with low or no control
Authoritarian low emotional support and coercive attempts to control
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SOCIALIZATION AND ETHNICITYBaumrind’s study more likely to apply to
middle class whites
Primary task of socialization is to familiarize child with his/her cultureTeaching of norms and values
Norms: Widely accepted rulesValues: Goals or principles held in high esteem by society
AFRICAN AMERICAN PARENTS & CHILDREN
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RACE/ETHNICITY AND PARENTING
Cultural Socialization: Racial/Ethnic pride History Heritage
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SOCIALIZATION AND SOCIAL CLASS
Social class and parental valuesMiddle class less supervised at workFocus on autonomy, independence, and self-direction
Working class and lower class highly supervised at work
Focus on obedience and conformity
SOCIALIZATION AND GENDERTwo-way process
Parents and children influence each other
Children through behavior
Parents through decisions
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1. Material and physical supportHow much is enough?
2. Emotional support What does this mean?
3. ControlSupervise and monitor children’s behaviorIn what ways?
11/7 WHAT’S IMPORTANT?
WHAT’S IMPORTANT?Androgynous behavior: Characteristics of
both gendersWhat should boys learn?What should girls learn?
How to encourage androgynous behavior?
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When fathers are involved, children:
Were more responsible
Had fewer behavior problems
Got along better with others
WHAT DIFFERENCES DO FATHERS MAKE?
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FATHERS RELATE TO YOUNG CHILDREN DIFFERENTLY THAN MOTHERS DO
Fathers play – “rough and tumble”Helps with regulation of emotion
Children have more self-control
Children have more friends
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FATHERS’ INFLUENCE IS OFTEN INDIRECT
Works through mothersEmotional support for mothersSupport for mothers’ authority
The better the quality of parents’ relationship, the better the child faresChild’s behaviorSchool achievement
Father provides (additional) income
THE INCREDIBLE SHRINKING AMERICAN FAMILY
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FIGURE 9.1
AVERAGE WEEKLY HOURS OF CHILDCARE OF MOTHERS AND FATHERS
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PUBLIC FUNDING FOR FORMAL CHILD CARE
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U.S. public funding for formal child care (below age of three) far behind most of developed world
Chart: Public spending on formal child care in 14 developed nations
PUBLIC FUNDING FOR FORMAL CHILD CARE
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WHAT MIGHT PREVENT PARENTS FROM DOING WHAT THEY ARE SUPPOSED TO DO?
Poverty
Economic changes
Changes in family organization
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UNEMPLOYMENT AND POVERTYLower income
Inadequate prenatal care (Quality)
Less prenatal care (Quantity)
Fewer clothesLess food Poor housingAnything else?
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UNEMPLOYMENT
Affect parents’ behavior toward each other and children
Fathers under economic pressure:More irritable and hostile to wives and
children
Children more sullen, depressed, and aggressive
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Similar feelings found in unemployed and their childrenDepressed, anxious parent(s)Little emotional support for children
Threats of harsh punishmentInconsistentActual harsh punishmentPunitive discipline
POVERTY
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DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE
Most common way for a child to live in single parent family is by divorce
First two years, children are distressed
Mother ends up in lower economic statusMay be depressed and angry
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Long term most children do not suffer substantial harm
Over the years, most cope adequately
Remarriage of custodial parent does not appear to change well-being of children
DIVORCE AND REMARRIAGE (CONT.)
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THE WELL-BEING OF AMERICAN CHILDREN
Has the well-being declined?
It depends----Compared with when?
Which children?
POVERTY RATES FOR CHILDREN IN U. S.
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PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN LIVING WITH
TWO PARENTS
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FAMILIES AND POVERTY
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MARRIAGE AND CHILD POVERTY
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CHILDREN AND POVERTY
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15-YEAR POVERTY EXPERIENCES OF CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 4 IN
1968
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WHAT CAN WE DO TO STRENGTHEN FAMILIES?
National Government?State Government?Local Communities?Neighborhoods?Family members?Individuals?
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The true measure of a nation’s standing is how well it attends to its children.
Health and safety
Material securityEducation and socialization Sense of being loved and valued Sense of being included in:
Their families Society