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Dr. Yuxin Tong
Researches and Application of Protected Agriculture Technologies
on the Cultivation of Vegetables
Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
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Content Development of protected horticulture in China
Environmental control in protected horticultureLight (light intensity, light period and light quality)
Temperature (air/root/leaf temperature ) CO2
Challenges and perspectives
HumidityAir current speed
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Development of protected horticulture in China1
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------ Population explosion(now 1.3 billion, to 2030, will be 1.5 billion ,food demand rising)------ Land resources reducing (only 0.08 ha per capita in China, 40% of world average level) & Agricultural pollution, desertification------ Natural disasters ( drought, flood , etc.)------ Demands increasing for fresh, clean, pesticide-free vegetables------ Agricultural labors’ aging problem (Young people don’t like to be engaged in agriculture, more than 60% farmers in China are over 60 years old)
……
Necessity development ofprotected horticulture in China
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Ratios of Chinese urban population
Up to 2025, nearly 70% of Chinese will live in cities with more than 1 million people.
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Land resources reducing & Agricultural pollution, desertification (reducing cultivated land 300,000hm2 each year)
Natural disasters ( drought, flood , etc.)
Cultivated land in China (100 million MU)(1MU=1/15 hm2)
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100 million
The rapid increase of aged people in China
Rapid Aging of agricultural population, shortage agricultural labor
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Food demands increasing (470 million tones of vegetables each year (330 million tones of vegetables for the residents in cities)
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How to solve the above problems?
Population explosionLarge number of people in citiesMore requirements for food (vegetables)
Land resources reducingNatural disasters Agricultural labors’ aging problem
Development of protected horticulture is the best way to solve the problems
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Development of Protected Horticulture in China
(Data from China Agriculture Yearbook ,2015,MOA)
1.03 12 24.35
83.81
183.27
274.15
344.33
394.2410.9
0
100
200
300
400
500
1982 1988 1992 1996 2002 2006 2010 2013 2015
Are
a(×
104
ha)
year
u Output value (more than 800 billion RMB)u Creating Employment positions (nearly 70 million jobs)
u Early stage(~1980)
u Exploring and developing stage(1981-1995)
u Rapidly developing stage(1996~)
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Crops for protected cultivation in ChinaVegetable 74.4%, Flower 6.1%, Watermelon 6.1%,
Muskmelon 9.3%, Strawberry 1.9%, Fruit 1.3%, Tea 0.7%, and others 0.2%.
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Typ
es o
f cul
tivat
ion Simple cultivation under cover
Chinese solar Greenhouse
Greenhouse with integrated environment control
Closed plant cultivation system
Field Open
Semi-closed
Closed
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Simple cultivation under cover
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Chinese solar greenhouse
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Greenhouse with integrated environment control
Cooling/heating, CO2 enrichment, hydroponic, Shading/Thermal screen, computer control , etc.
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Closed plant cultivation system
Environment factors can be controlled as designed
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Environmental factors in protected horticulture2
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CO2
Light (intensity, quality, photoperiod)
CO2TemperatureRelative humidity Air current speed WaterInorganic nutrients
Essential resources for plant growth
O2
Water
PAR
CO2
Inorganic nutrients
Transpiration
Water
O2 Water
Inorganic nutrients organic
organic
organic
Photosynthesis
Respiration
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Interrelationship of the environmental factorsØAll environmental factors need to be optimum at the same
time for maximum vegetable yield and quality;
ØIt does not help to improve one factor, if another factor is
limiting production
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0 100
16
12
50
8
4
150 200
20
0
A+B+C+D+E
A+B+C+D
Pmax = f(A, B, C, D, E)
A
A+B+CA+B
b (gradient)A: Temperature controlB: Air circulation controlC: CO2 enrichment controlD: Relative humidity controlE: Nutrient & water uptake control
Daily integral of solar or photosynthetically active radiation
Dry
mas
s, L
AI o
r N
AR
(Arb
itrar
y un
it)
(Wh m-2)
Kozai, 2009
Benefit of the integrated environment control
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2.1 Light
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Helicopter for cleaning
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Necessity for supplemental lightingLow light on cloudy and other extreme weather
(raining 、snow、fog);
Shorter and weak sunlight in high latitude (Netherlands)
Long-day plants production
Plant factory with artificial light
Dealing with hazeHaze reduces light intensity over 50%, andphotoperiod, affecting negatively growth,flowering and fruiting of vegetables andfruits in greenhouses
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Main Light sourcesn Light-emitting diodes (LED) lampsn Fluorescent (FL) lampsn High-press sodium (HPS) lamps
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Light spectral distribution of FL, HPS and LED lamps
HPS: Deficient in blue light, abundant in red and orange light, rich in thermal radiation
FL: Deficient in red light, rich in thermal radiation
Red LED spectrum: narrow wave width of 660nm, no heat radiation
Blue LED spectrum: narrow wave width of 450nm, no heat radiation
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uEmitting specific color according to photosynthetic
requirements of plant;
uLight adjustable (R/B, R/FR);
uEnergy-saving without heat generation;
uLong life;
u environmentally-friendly without mercury (Hg)
when it is broken.
Advantages of LED as light source
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Artificial lighting in Greenhouse with LED
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No ageing effect during life time of tomato leaf
Photosynthetic ability of tomato leaf will not affect by its growth days (Trouwborst et al., 2011)c
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Interlighting can result in yield increase
6-8% annual increase is observed for cucumber and tomato plant
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Artificial light is the sole light source in
Plant factory
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Visible radiation 380 – 780 nm
380 nm 780 nmPAR 400 – 700 nm
UV light280-380 nm
Pigment synthesis
Red light600-700 nm
Far-red light700-800 nm
Blue light400-500 nm
Elongation, photo-morphogenesisStomata opening
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Bioactive light quality, their names and wavelength ranges
Spectral light Chinese name English name Wavelength(nm)
Ultravoilet
Visible light
Far-red light
UV-C
UV-B
UV-A
紫光
蓝光
青光
蓝绿光
绿光
黄绿光
黄光
橙光
红光
远红光
ultraviolet light
Purple light
Blue light
Cyan
Blue-green light
Green light
Yellow-green light
Yellow light
Orange light
Red light
Far-red light
200-280
280-320
320-380
380-420
420-450
450-490
490-500
500-560
560-580
580-590
590-620
620-700
700-780
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LED lighting experiment
R660nm100% B450nm100% FR720nm100% R100%B100%FR100%
R50%B50%FR50% R100%B100%FR100% R15%B15%FR50% R50%B100%FR100%
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Roles of light quality in regulating nutritional quality of vegetables
n Light quality regulation is potential method to improve nutritional quality of vegetables, such as sprouts (pea seedling, soybean and radish sprouts) , leafy vegetable (Lettuce) and fruit vegetables (tomato).
Chlorophyll a, b and nutritional quality of pea seedlings treated different LED light
Treatments Vitamin C content (mg/g)
Nitrate content (mg/kg)
Anthocyanin content[(OD600-OD530)/g]
Flavonoid content[OD325/g]
White 0.55b 396.5a 0.047a 1.96a
Red 0.49b 526.1a 0.033ab 1.66a
Blue 0.56b 278.5a 0.014c 1.67a
Red+Blue 0.74a 708.4a 0.026bc 1.68a
Treatments Chrorophyll a content Chrorophyll b content Carotenoids content
White 1.35ab 0.43ab 0.28a
Red 1.20c 0.41ab 0.23b
Blue 1.28bc 0.37b 0.24b
Red+Blue 1.48a 0.45a 0.28a
Liu et al., 2012
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UV (Ultravoilet light) is bioactive light spectrum for plant cultivation
UV-A
UV-B
UV-C Coloring of leaves and fruits
Induction of disease resistance
Synthesis of secondary metabolites
UV is used to regulate plant exterior
quality and nutritional quality of plant
factory via short-term treatment. The
UV-treated plant presented dark
coloration indicative of anthocyanin
accumulation. (Britz et al., 2009)Control UV-LED
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Roles of light quality in regulating plant growth of vegetables
ü LED red and blue light are necessary for plant normal growth. The optimal red/blue ratio depends on plant species or cultivars.
ü Other light quality, such as green light is helpful but not necessary for general plant growth.
ü Far-red light is useful for plant photomorphologenesis. ü UV is the potential light quality for quality improvement
(color and secondary metabolites). ü Notes: Some light quality can be used through the growth
period of plant in plant factory, but UV and far-red light may just be used short-term during a special time.
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LDP(Long-day plants) SDP(Short-day plants)
Long day: Pfr left at end of short night.
Pfr promotes flowering for LDPs.
Pfr inhibits flowering for SDPs.
Short day: Pfr gone at end of long night.
No Pfr inhibited flowering for LDPs.
No Pfr promote flowering for SDPs.
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Nitrate content change in leaves during 72 hours continuous lighting
Soluble sugar content change in lettuce leaves during 72 hours continuous lighting
Vitamin C content change in lettuce leaves during 72 hours continuous lighting
48 hours continuous lighting
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2000 400 600
20
80
60
40
100
0800 1000
PAR: 100W/m2
PAR: 50W/m2
CO2 concentration (ppm)
Phot
osyn
thes
is (k
gCO
2ha
-1h-1
)Photosynthesis in relation to CO2 concentration
Takakura and Fang, 2002
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
2.2 CO2 concentration
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During the sunny daytime, CO2 concentration inside a greenhouse is lower than that outside
200~300ppmCO2:400 ppmCO2
Air exchange Air exchange
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CO2:400 ppmCO2: 400 ppm
Keeping the CO2 concentration inside and outside at the same level, CO2 supplied was 100% absorbed by the plant
CO2
Zero CO2 concentration difference enrichment
CO2
Air exchange
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系列1
系列2
The canopy net photosynthetic rates in the experimental PF (PFe) and control PF (PFc) as affected by the solar radiation
Solar radiation (W m-2)
Can
opy
net p
hoto
synt
hetic
rat
e (g
m-2
h-1)
in the PFe
in the PFc
0
6
800600400200 1000
2
-2
10
Each value represents an average of each 100 w m-2 solar radiation
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Time course of enriched CO2 utilization efficiency in the experimental PF
0.4
5 117 9 1913 15 17
0.2
0.6
0
Enr
iche
d C
O2
utili
zatio
n ef
ficie
ncy
Time
0.8
1.0
1.2
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205
10 4030
10
15
20
25
Leaf temperature (oC)
Phot
osyn
thes
is (C
O2
mg
100c
m-2
h-1)
High CO2 concentration or PAR
Low CO2 concentration or PAR
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)
Photosynthesis in relation to leaf temperature and CO2 concentration
Mihara, 1980
2.3 Temperature
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Conventional methods for greenhouse environment control
NO. Purpose Methods
1 Heating Using fossil-fuel based heater, etc.
2 Cooling Ventilation, shading, evaporative cooling, etc.
To integrate greenhouse environment control using the conventional methods, several equipments have to be installed
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NO. Function Benefits
1 Heating Reductions in the primary energy consumption and CO2 emission
2 CoolingReduction in the leaf temperature and extension of the ventilators closed period for CO2 concentration control
3 Dehumidifying in rainy season
Preventing the disease incidents and collecting water for recycling
4 Humidifying in dry season Optimizing the vapour pressure deficit
5 Air circulation Enhancement of photosynthesis, transpiration, nutrient/water uptake
Functions and the related benefits of using heat pump (or air conditioner)
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Heating capacity: 2.8 kWCOP at 20ºC indoor and 7ºC outdoor: 5.4
Inner units Outer units
Heat pumps used for greenhouse heating
Cooling capacity: 2.8 kWCOP at 27ºC indoor and 35ºC outdoor: 4.4
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Heat pumps used for greenhouse cooling
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The COP of heat pumps as affected by outside air temperature
The average COP of 4.0 is almost 2 times higher than that of previousstudies (Ozgener, 2010;Ozgener & Hepbasli, 2007)
-6 -4 -2 0 6 82 4
Outside air temperature (ºC)
CO
P
4
2
6
0
8 inside air temperature: 16.8 ±0.4 (ºC)
2 0.8R =
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00-4 -2 842 6
Outside air temperature (oC)-6
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Prim
ary-
ener
gy c
onsu
mpt
ion
rate
(M
J m
-2 h
-1)
oil heater
heat pump
Primary-energy consumption as affected by the outside air temperature
2 0.7R =
2 0.9R =
inside air temperature: 16.8 ±0.4 (ºC)
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CO
2em
issi
on r
ate
(g m
-2h-1
)
-60
0-4 -2 84
60
2 6Outside air temperature (oC)
40
20
80
oil heater
heat pump
CO2 emission as affected by the outside air temperature
2 0.9R =
2 0.7R =
inside air temperature: 16.8 ±0.4 (ºC)
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Time (h)
Air
tem
pera
ture
(o C)
Variation of the nighttime air temperature inside and outside the greenhouse with and without heat
pumps for cooling
Cooling
Outside
Without cooling
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Yie
ld
Tomato quality as affected by greenhouse cooling
Fruits for sale
decayed fruit
dehiscent fruit
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Heat storageHeat ReleaseTinside
Structure of Chinese Solar Greenhouse (CSG)
Thermal quilt(or Straw mat)
Back roof
North wall
Cover (Plastic film)on south surface
u North Wall: Storing heat in day time and releasing heat at nightu Thermal quilt: covering at night to keep more heat in CSG
Heat Release
(releasing total heat
25-30%)
(releasing total heat 70-75%)
Temperature control in Chinese Solar Greenhouse
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Principle of active heat storing in daytime
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Principle of active heat Releasing at night
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AHS System 1: Water curtain between black films on the surface of north wall
u Water curtain made of black films (water flows between two layers’ film), for heat collection
u Water tank for heat storage
1.Water supply pipe 2.Lagging 3.Valve 4. Water inlet 5.Transparent and black film 6.Control
cabinet 7.Water return pipe 8.filter 9. Water circulating pump
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Crops in the CSG (Vegetable, flower, fruit,…)
Mushroom
cucumber
muskmelon
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Photosynthesis in relation to air current speed and relative humidity
(矢吹・宮川、1965 )
Relative humidityPh
otos
ynth
esis
(CO
2g
m-2
h-1)
Air current speed (m s-1)
2.4 Humidity
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Effects of high humidity on plant
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Effects of low humidity on plant
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Heat pump can be used for cooling and dehumidifying at the same time
蒸発器
凝縮器
低温熱源
高温熱源
膨張弁
電気エネルギー
吸熱
放熱
除湿
圧縮機
蒸発器
凝縮器
低温熱源
高温熱源
膨張弁
電気エネルギー
吸熱
放熱
除湿
圧縮機
Cooling
Working principle of heat pumps for dehumidifying
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相対湿度
□ AH without cooling ○AH with cooling
Variation of the nighttime RH and AH inside and outside the greenhouse with and without heat pumps for cooling
Time (h)
Rel
ativ
e hu
mid
ity (%
)
Abs
olut
e hu
mid
ity (g
/kg)
RH with cooling RH without cooling
RH outside
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全蒸
散抵
抗R t
( s, m
-1 )
Resistance for transpiration in relation to air current speed
Air current speed (m s-1)
Res
ista
nce
2.5 Air current speed
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Mainly use natural ventilation, reduce energy consumption
Completely natural ventilation greenhouse
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Forced ventilation in greenhouse
Forced ventilation in plant factory
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Challenges and perspectives3
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u For the CSG: l Improving the land use efficiency(only 40%) l Enlarging single greenhouse area(400-600m2)l Increasing of greenhouse yield(10-30 kg/m2)l Enlarging soilless cultivation area (<1%)l Limitation in mechanization and automation
u For the multi-span greenhouse: l Decreasing in energy consumptionl Shortage of suitable cultivation systeml Increasing in economic benefit
uShortage of qualified and specialized growers
Challenges of greenhouse
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Challenges of plant factory
u High initial cost(construction & equipments)
u High energy consumption( light, air conditioning)
u Limited plant species(most of the plants is lettuce in PF with artificial light)
u Benefit (lower competition comparing with other vegetable production system, e.g. greenhouse and field)
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Competition of vegetable value from protected horticulture and open field
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Perspectives of protected horticultureu Producing healthy and safe vegetables(fresh,
clean, pesticide-free, and multi-function) for high-end consumers or local consumers in large cities, like Beijing, Shanghai;
u Priority developed areas: Agri.sci.& tech.park, for demonstrating Park;
u Multi-function utilization in special areas: family, building, supermarket, school, restaurant (Ubiquitous plant factory).
u Vertical farming (Ongoing project in CAAS)
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Agri.sci.& tech. park (Xiaoshan,Zhejiang)
The area is about 40,000 m2(PF with artificial light and solar light)
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Expansion use of PF for producing healthy and safe vegetables (Shunde, Guangdong province)
The total area is 50000m2(PF with artificial light and solar light), haven’t finished now.
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Miniature plant factoryDevelopment Mini-Plant Factory for Family
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