Download - Cancer Overview and Dietary Management
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CANCER
AN OVERVIEW ANDDIETARY
MANAGEMENTBy
V.VYTHEESHWARAN
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Cancer
Cancer is the 2nd most common cause of
death in the US after heart disease.
Cancer kills 1 out of every 4 Americans. The risk of developing cancer can be
reduced by changes in a persons lifestyle.
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What is Cancer?
Normal body cells grow, divide and die in
an orderly fashion.
Cancer cells are different because they donot die, just continue to divide and grow.
Cancer cells form as a result of damaged
DNA.
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What is Cancer?
These damaged genes can be passed on,
which accounts for inherited cancers.
In other cases, the DNA is damaged by an
outside source such as smoking.
Cancer usually forms a tumor.
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What is Cancer
There are two types of tumors: Malignant
and Benign
Malignant tumors spread to other areas
in the body. These are the dangerous
ones.
Benign tumors stay in one place.
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Types of Cancer
Sarcoma-rise from connective tissue such
as muscle or bone and are more common
in younger people.
Carcinomas-which occur in epithelial
tissue and are more common in older
people. It includes lung, breast, prostate,
and colon.
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Types of Cancer
Leukemia- cancers of the blood or blood
forming organs.
Lymphomas- affect the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system is a group of
vessels and nodes that act as the bodys
filter. It prevents bacteria and foreign
invaders from entering the bloodstream.
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Causes of Cancer
80% are considered sporadic- meaningthe cause is unknown. There are severalrisk factors that increase the chance of
cancer:
Age- risk increases >50.
Diet- high fat, high cholesterol dietsincrease risk.
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Causes of Cancer
Obesity- no clear link but research
indicates it is a factor
Cigarettes- increases lung cancer, other
tobacco products such as pipes and
chewing tobacco increase cancers of the
mouth.
Long term exposure to chemicals-
asbestos, radon and benzene.
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Causes of Cancer
Exposure to high levels of radiation
Harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Some viruses- Hepatitis B, C, HPV,
Epsteinn-Barr.
Immune system diseases Heredity
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Objectives
Recognize the special nutritional
needs of cancer survivors during
active cancer treatment Advise cancer survivors about
nutrition and physical activity during
the recovery phase and beyond Resolve controversial nutritional
issues facing cancer survivors
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Challenges of Cancer
Survivors
Highly motivated to seek information
about diet and lifestyle changes.
Often receive conflicting dietary advice. Claims abound on the use of dietary
alternatives.
Currently there are many gaps and
inconsistencies in the scientific
evidence.
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NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCIES
The primary organ where the malignancyoccurs.
The severity of the cancer at the time ofdiagnosis.
The symptoms experienced by the person withcancer.
The type and frequency of the cancer
treatment being used and the side effectsassociated with that treatment (surgery, radiation,or chemotherapy).
The effect of the malignancy or disease on food
and nutrient ingestion, tolerance, and utilization.
There are several factors that may contribute to the type and
degree of nutrient deficiencies:
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Body Weight Changes
Intentional weight loss during cancertreatment is not recommended
Some cancer survivors may gain
weight during and after treatments
During treatment, a healthy eating planthat meets but does not exceed caloric
needs (along with physical activity) is
advisable
Healthy weight loss is best initiatedafter the recovery phase
Obesity is associated with increased
risk and poorer prognosis of breast
and colon cancers
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The Phases of Cancer Survival
Phase 1: Active Treatment
Phase 2: Recovery from Treatment
Phase 3: Preventing Cancer Recurrence,
Second Primary Cancers.
Phase 4: Living with Advanced Cancer
Dietary management
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Phase 1: Nutritional Issues
During Active Treatment
Energy balance is the most important goal
ENERGY INTAKE ENERGY EXPENDITURE
NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS
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ENERGY INTAKE
The need for caloric intake is usuallyincreased during cancer treatments
Nausea, vomiting, taste changes, loss of
appetite, bowel changes all interfere wit
our usual eating patterns.
Food choices at this time should be easy
to chew, swallow, digest and absorb and
should also be appealing. Adjust usual food choices and usual food
patterns.
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ENERGY EXPENDITURE
cancer treatment can cause fatigue
light regular physical activity during
treatment should be encouraged to
improve appetite, stimulate digestion,prevent constipation.
Helps to maintain energy level and
muscle mass and provide relaxationor stress reduction
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NUTRITIONAL
SUPPLEMENTSNutritional products such as Boost, Ensure
etc can be helpful on a temporary basisto assist with intake of calories andnutrients.
Other supplements is quite controversial.For example, it is counterproductive forpatients to take vitamin supplements that
contain high levels offolic acid or to eatfoods fortified with high amount of folicacid, when on Methotrexate. (methointerferes with folate metabolism).
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NUTRITIONAL
SUPPLEMENTSAntioxidants(Vitamins C, E and phytochemicals
or antioxidant minerals), may reduce the
effectiveness of RT or CX. May help protect
normal cells from treatment collateral damageNo good answer or evidence at this time there
fore it would be prudent to advise patients not to
exceed the upper intake limits for vitamins and
to avoid other nutritional supplements thatcontain antioxidant compounds.
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Phase 2: Nutritional Issues
After Treatment is Completed
Most important goal Rebuild musclestrength and correct problems.
Adequate food intake
Physical activity Required to rebuild muscle strength.
Consultation required for elder patients.
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Benefits of Moderate Regular Physical
Activity for Cancer Survivors
reduce anxiety
reduce depression
improve mood
boost self esteem
reduce symptoms of fatigue,
beneficial effects on heart rate,
lean body mass and respiratorycapacity
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Diet and Cancer
The American Cancer Society
recommends 4 rules of thumb for cancer
prevention
Choose most of the foods you eat from
plant sources. 5 or more servings
Limit intake of high fat foods, particularly
from animal sources.
Be physically active.
Limit alcohol intake.
Di t C t
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Dietary Components
Associated with Cancer
THE BAD GUYS!!!
Excesses of Certain substances such
as: Fat- the end products of metabolism
have been found to be carcinogenic.
Alcohol- has been connected withliver, colorectal, and breast cancers.
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Dietary Components
Associated with Cancer
THE BAD GUYS!!!
Pickled and Smoked Foods- relatedto cancers of the esophagus andstomach. that may increase the risk.
Cooking methods have also beenfound to have a role in cancer. Fryingor charcoal-broiling meats at veryhigh temperatures creates chemicals
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Protective Dietary Components
THE HEROES
Certain foods and nutrients have been
shown to protect against certain types
of cancers.
Vitamin C - has been shown to protect
against cancer of stomach, esophagus,
and oral cavity.
Antioxidants- these are certain
protective substances found in fruits
and vegetables.
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Protective Dietary Components
THE HEROES
Fruits and Veggies- contain vitamins,fiber and phytochemicals.
Vitamin E and selenium- both
antioxidants that protect cells againstbreakdown.
Calcium- Calcium reduces cell turnover
rates. Water- drinking more than 5 glasses aday has been associated with a lowerrisk of cancer.
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Diet and Cancer
Fiber- Insoluble fiber is connected to
decreased risk of colon cancer.
Beans, vegetables, whole grains and
fruit are good sources.
Salt- some evidence links diets
containing large amounts of foods
preserved by pickling and salting to
increased cancers of the stomach,
nose and throat.
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Diet and the Cancer Patient
Nutrition is an important part of
treatment.
Eating the right kinds of foodbefore, during and after treatment
can help the patient feel better and
stay stronger. Treatments can have an affect on
appetite.
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Diet and the Cancer Patient
People with cancer have unique
nutrition needs.
Eating enough food is usually nota problem. Treatment can have an
adverse effect on appetite.
Nutrition suggestions oftenemphasize eating high calorie,
high protein foods.
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Diet and the Cancer Patient
Side Effects
Treatments kill cancer cells but they also kill healthy cells.This can cause side effects such as:
Loss of appetite
sore mouth or throat
dry mouth
dental and gum problems
changes in taste or smell
Nausea
Diarrhea
Constipation
fatigue
depression.
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Diet and the Cancer Patient
It is very important to have good
nutrition to minimize the side effects of
cancer, prevent or reverse nutritional
deficiencies, and to maximize thequality of life.
The best method of calorie intake is by
mouth. Sometimes this is not possible.
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Diet and the Cancer Patient
Other options of intake are:
Feeding Tube
TPN or total parental nutrition- this is
nutrition directly through a vein.
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FIVE FOR CANCER
Five things you should remember aboutpreventing cancer.
Eat lots of fruits, vegetables, and wholegrains.
Discoverthe pleasure of physical activity.
Stay tobacco free
Enjoy a low-fat diet
Protect yourself from the sun between10:00 am and 4:00 pm.
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COMMON DIET THERAPIES
FULL FLUID DIET
SOFT DIET
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FULL FLUID DIET
Initial diet.
Administered alongside
or immediately after
therapy.
Predominant diet for
oral, pharyngeal,
oesophagal and GI tract
cancer.
Administered at regular
intervals (Every 2
hours). 100 mg100 mgSugar
2 Tbsps2 TbspsButter
850ml800mlFruit juice
One---Egg
50mg---Meat
800 ml1000 mlMilk
---30 mgDhal flour
50 mg50 mgCorn flour
NON-VEGETARIANVEGETARIANFOOD
The above table shows amount of food to be consumed perday
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SOFT DIET
Secondary diet. Administered following aperiod of full fluid diet.
Enriched with nutrients. Supplementation of
essential vitamins likefolate and Vit C lostduring drug therapy.
Meats can be avoided asfar as possible as it
results in the formation ofnitrosamines in stomach. This can be countered by
administration of Vit C80 mg80 mgSugar
30 mg30 mgFats and Oils
100 mg100 mgFruits (Apples &
Oranges)
100 mg100 mgTender leafy
vegetables
100 mg100 mgPotatoes
50 mg50 mgTender
vegetables
30 mg---Egg
100 mg---Meat, fish,
sausages
600 ml1000 mlMilk
30 mg50 mgDhal
300 mg300 mgMilled cereals
NON-VEGETARIANVEGETARIANFOOD
The above table shows amount of food to be consumed perday
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Conclusion
Cancer is a preventable disease in
most cases.
Lead a healthy lifestyle. Be aware of your body.
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FOR MORE RESOURCES
http://www.cancer.gov
http://www.cancer.org
http://muextension.missouri.edu
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THANK YOU