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Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall 11
Computers:Computers:
Tools for an Information AgeTools for an Information Age
Chapter 3Chapter 3Operating Systems: Software in the BackgroundOperating Systems: Software in the Background
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22Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
ObjectivesObjectives
Describe the functions of an operating systemDescribe the functions of an operating system
Explain the basics of a personal computerExplain the basics of a personal computer
operating systemoperating system
Describe the advantages of a graphicalDescribe the advantages of a graphical
operating systemoperating system
Differentiate among different versions ofDifferentiate among different versions of
Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft WindowsExplain the need for network operating systemsExplain the need for network operating systems
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33Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
ObjectivesObjectives
Describe the methods of resourceDescribe the methods of resourceallocation on large computersallocation on large computers
Describe the differences amongDescribe the differences amongmultiprocessing, multiprogramming, andmultiprocessing, multiprogramming, andtimetime--sharingsharing
Explain the principles of memoryExplain the principles of memory
managementmanagementList several functions that are typicallyList several functions that are typicallyperformed by utility programsperformed by utility programs
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44Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Operating Systems: Hidden SoftwareOperating Systems: Hidden Software
Serves as intermediary between hardwareServes as intermediary between hardware
and applications softwareand applications software
Operating SystemOperating SystemSystems softwareSystems software
KernelKernel
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55Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Operating SystemOperating System
A set of programs that liesA set of programs that lies
between applications softwarebetween applications software
and the hardwareand the hardware
Manages computers resourcesManages computers resources(CPU, peripheral devices)(CPU, peripheral devices)
Establishes a user interfaceEstablishes a user interface
Determines how user interacts withDetermines how user interacts with
operating systemoperating system Provides and executes servicesProvides and executes services
for applications softwarefor applications software
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66Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Systems SoftwareSystems Software
All programs related to coordinatingAll programs related to coordinating
computer operationscomputer operations
ExamplesExamples Operating systemsOperating systems
Language translatorsLanguage translators
Convert program code to machineConvert program code to machine--readable formreadable form
Utility programsUtility programs
Perform secondary choresPerform secondary chores
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77Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
KernelKernel
Manages the operating systemManages the operating system
Loaded from hard drive into memory whenLoaded from hard drive into memory when
computer is bootedcomputer is booted
BootingBootingrefers to starting the computerrefers to starting the computer
Loads other operating system programs fromLoads other operating system programs from
disk storage as neededdisk storage as needed
Other programs referred to asOther programs referred to as nonresidentnonresident
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88Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Operating Systems for PersonalOperating Systems for Personal
ComputersComputersPlatform: combination of computer hardwarePlatform: combination of computer hardware
and operating system softwareand operating system software
WintelWintel(Microsoft Windows running on an Intel(Microsoft Windows running on an Intel--basedbased
PC) is most commonPC) is most common
Common PlatformsCommon Platforms
MSMS--DOSDOS
WindowsWindows
MAC OSMAC OS
UnixUnix
LinuxLinux
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99Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
MSMS--DOSDOS
Uses a commandUses a command--line interfaceline interface
Screen provides prompts for userScreen provides prompts for user
User types commandsUser types commands
Largely replaced by graphical user interfacesLargely replaced by graphical user interfaces
Not userNot user--friendlyfriendly
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1010Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Microsoft WindowsMicrosoft Windows
Began as anBegan as an operating environmentoperating environment for MSfor MS--
DOSDOS
Not a fullNot a full--blown operating system; required MSblown operating system; required MS--
DOSDOS
Uses aUses a graphical user interfacegraphical user interface
Users can use DOS commands and interfaceUsers can use DOS commands and interface
Now aNow a complete familycomplete family of operating systemsof operating systems
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1111Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
MSMS--DOS Operating EnvironmentDOS Operating Environment
Windows 3.1Windows 3.1
A layer added on top of DOSA layer added on top of DOS
Separates operating system from userSeparates operating system from user Makes operating system easier to useMakes operating system easier to use
Called aCalled a shellshell
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1212Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Graphical User InterfaceGraphical User Interface
User clicks an icon toUser clicks an icon to
perform tasksperform tasks
Start Menu in lowerStart Menu in lower
left corner launchesleft corner launchesprogramsprograms
Use menus toUse menus to
activate commandsactivate commands
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1313Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows FeaturesWindows Features
Long file names (up to 255 characters)Long file names (up to 255 characters)
Plug and PlayPlug and Play
Makes installing hardware components easierMakes installing hardware components easierObject Linking and Embedding (OLE)Object Linking and Embedding (OLE)
Allows user to embed or link one document toAllows user to embed or link one document to
anotheranother
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1414Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows 9xWindows 9x Windows 95Windows 95 Windows 98Windows 98 Windows Millennium Edition (ME)Windows Millennium Edition (ME)
Corporate MarketCorporate Market Windows NTWindows NT Windows 2000Windows 2000
Windows XPWindows XP
Windows CEWindows CE
The Windows FamilyThe Windows Family
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1515Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows 9Windows 9xx
Serves home/consumer marketServes home/consumer market
No longer a shell, but a selfNo longer a shell, but a self--containedcontained
operating systemoperating systemBegan with Windows 95Began with Windows 95
Next Generation:Next Generation:
Windows 98Windows 98
Windows MEWindows ME
ManyMany improvementsimprovements over Windows 3.1over Windows 3.1
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1616Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows 98 EnhancementsWindows 98 Enhancements
Internet/intranet browsingInternet/intranet browsing
capabilitiescapabilities
Support for stateSupport for state--ofof--thethe--artart
hardware, including DVD andhardware, including DVD and
multimediamultimedia
Support for huge disk drivesSupport for huge disk drives
Wizards: stepWizards: step--byby--step softwarestep software
for installing, configuring, andfor installing, configuring, and
using softwareusing software
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1717Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows ME EnhancementsWindows ME Enhancements
Multimedia support: Media Player, videoMultimedia support: Media Player, video
editingediting
Enhanced reliability featuresEnhanced reliability featuresHome network supportHome network support
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1818Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Corporate MarketCorporate Market
Windows NTWindows NT
NT stands for new technologyNT stands for new technology
Windows 2000Windows 2000
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1919Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows NTWindows NT
Desktop looks and acts like Windows 98Desktop looks and acts like Windows 98
Meant for corporate, networkedMeant for corporate, networked
environmentsenvironments Engineered for scalability (the ability to handleEngineered for scalability (the ability to handle
many users)many users)
Stronger securityStronger security
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2020Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows 2000Windows 2000
The latest generation of Windows NTThe latest generation of Windows NT
One computer serves many usersOne computer serves many users
You identify yourself and the system knowsYou identify yourself and the system knowsyour preferencesyour preferences
You get your desktop and files, regardless ofYou get your desktop and files, regardless of
which PC you use to log into the networkwhich PC you use to log into the network
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2121Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows XPWindows XP
Brings consumer andBrings consumer and
corporate versions ofcorporate versions of
Windows together into aWindows together into a
single productsingle product Has Home andHas Home and
Professional EditionsProfessional Editions
EnhancementsEnhancements
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2222Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows XP EnhancementsWindows XP Enhancements
Improved user interfaceImproved user interface Much clearer and uncluttered desktopMuch clearer and uncluttered desktop
More icons on redesigned Start MenuMore icons on redesigned Start Menu
Improved multimedia supportImproved multimedia supportMore personalizationMore personalization
Multiple user supportMultiple user support User can log off, leaving programs running, and allowUser can log off, leaving programs running, and allow
another user to log onanother user to log on
Set up limited accounts for children to use; i.e., noSet up limited accounts for children to use; i.e., noinappropriate games or no Internet accessinappropriate games or no Internet access
Internet support and protectionInternet support and protection
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2323Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Windows CEWindows CE
ScaledScaled--back version of Windows 9xback version of Windows 9x
Designed to work on machines with smallDesigned to work on machines with small
screens and little, if any, storagescreens and little, if any, storage
Used in Pocket PCsUsed in Pocket PCs
Used in embedded systemsUsed in embedded systems
Computer devices integrated into otherComputer devices integrated into other
products; i.e., robotsproducts; i.e., robots
CE.NET supports .NET platformCE.NET supports .NET platform
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2424Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
MAC OSMAC OS
Designed for theDesigned for the
Macintosh computerMacintosh computer
First commerciallyFirst commercially
successful GUIsuccessful GUI Has served as the modelHas served as the model
for Windows and otherfor Windows and other
GUI products developedGUI products developed
since thensince then
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2525Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
UNIXUNIX
Developed in 1971 for use on the DECDeveloped in 1971 for use on the DECminicomputerminicomputer
CharacterCharacter--based system with commandbased system with command--lineline
interfaceinterfaceNot tied to any family of processorsNot tied to any family of processors Runs on just about every type of system (PC,Runs on just about every type of system (PC,
mainframe, workstation) from any manufacturermainframe, workstation) from any manufacturer
Primary operating system in use on InternetPrimary operating system in use on Internetserversservers Handles many simultaneous users easilyHandles many simultaneous users easily
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2727Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Operating Systems for NetworksOperating Systems for Networks
Network operating system (NOS)Network operating system (NOS)
HandlesHandles network functionsnetwork functions
Make resources appear as though they wereMake resources appear as though they wererunning from client computersrunning from client computers
Common systemsCommon systems
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2828Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Network FunctionsNetwork Functions
Sharing resources (hard disks andSharing resources (hard disks and
printers)printers)
Data securityData securityTroubleshootingTroubleshooting
Administrative controlAdministrative control
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2929Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Network Operating SystemsNetwork Operating Systems
Windows NT ServerWindows NT Server
Windows 2000 ServerWindows 2000 Server
Windows .NET ServerWindows .NET ServerNovell NetwareNovell Netware
UnixUnix
LinuxLinux
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3030Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Operating Systems for LargeOperating Systems for Large
ComputersComputers
Resource allocation: assigning andResource allocation: assigning and
computer resources to certain programscomputer resources to certain programs
and processes for their useand processes for their use
Main issues related to resource allocationMain issues related to resource allocation
Sharing the Central Processing UnitSharing the Central Processing Unit
Sharing memorySharing memory
Sharing storage resourcesSharing storage resources
Sharing printing resourcesSharing printing resources
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3131Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Sharing the CPUSharing the CPU
MultiprocessingMultiprocessing
MultiprogrammingMultiprogramming
TimeTime--SharingSharing
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3232Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
MultiprocessingMultiprocessing
The use of a powerful computer withThe use of a powerful computer with
multiple CPUsmultiple CPUs
Multiple programs run simultaneouslyMultiple programs run simultaneously Each runs on its own processorEach runs on its own processor
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3333Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
MultiprogrammingMultiprogramming
Two or more programs executedTwo or more programs executedconcurrentlyconcurrently
Programs take turns using the CPUPrograms take turns using the CPU
EventEvent--drivendrivenAn interrupt suspends processing to allow anotherAn interrupt suspends processing to allow anotherprogram to runprogram to run
After the second program runs, the operatingAfter the second program runs, the operating
system returns the CPU to another programsystem returns the CPU to another programGenerally used for batch programs that doGenerally used for batch programs that donot require user inputnot require user input
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3434Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
TimeTime--SharingSharing
Programs take turns using the CPUPrograms take turns using the CPU
TimeTime--drivendriven
Each user is given a slice of time (fraction of a second)Each user is given a slice of time (fraction of a second)
CPU works only on that users tasks during its timeCPU works only on that users tasks during its time
sliceslice
Response time: the time between typed request andResponse time: the time between typed request and
computers replycomputers reply
Typically used in applications with many usersTypically used in applications with many users
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3535Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Sharing MemorySharing Memory
Memory managementMemory management
Divides memoryDivides memory into foreground andinto foreground and
backgroundbackgroundUses virtual storageUses virtual storage
Also called virtual memoryAlso called virtual memory
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3636Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Memory ManagementMemory Management
Divides memory into separate partitionsDivides memory into separate partitions
Allocates memory to programsAllocates memory to programs
Keeps programs separate from oneKeeps programs separate from oneanotheranother
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3737Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Foreground and BackgroundForeground and Background
Foreground: for programs with high priorityForeground: for programs with high priority
that will receive more CPU time.that will receive more CPU time.
Background: for programs with lowerBackground: for programs with lowerpriority that will receive less CPU timepriority that will receive less CPU time
Programs waiting to run are kept inPrograms waiting to run are kept in queuesqueues
based on their prioritybased on their priority
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3838Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Virtual StorageVirtual Storage
Programs currently executed are stored on diskPrograms currently executed are stored on disk
Portions of program brought into memory as neededPortions of program brought into memory as needed
Minimizes the amount of memory neededMinimizes the amount of memory needed
Can be implemented byCan be implemented by pagingpaging Divide memory into small, fixedDivide memory into small, fixed--size pagessize pages
Page table keeps track of memory locationsPage table keeps track of memory locations
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3939Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Sharing Storage ResourcesSharing Storage Resources
Keeps track of location of filesKeeps track of location of files
Responds to commands to manipulateResponds to commands to manipulate
filesfilesKeeps track of input and output requestsKeeps track of input and output requests
for filesfor files
Processes them in the order receivedProcesses them in the order received
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4040Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Sharing Printing ResourcesSharing Printing Resources
Spooling: program writes a line to a diskSpooling: program writes a line to a disk
file rather than sending directly to a printerfile rather than sending directly to a printer
When file is completed, placed in queueWhen file is completed, placed in queue
File printed when printer becomes availableFile printed when printer becomes available
Allows program to complete executionAllows program to complete execution
much more quicklymuch more quickly
Writing to disk much quicker than writing toWriting to disk much quicker than writing to
printerprinter
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4141Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Utility ProgramsUtility Programs
Perform secondary choresPerform secondary chores
ExamplesExamples
File managerFile manager File compressionFile compression
OthersOthers
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4242Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
File ManagerFile Manager
Stores files in aStores files in a
hierarchical directoryhierarchical directory
structurestructure
Windows usesWindows usesWindows ExplorerWindows Explorer
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4343Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
File CompressionFile Compression
Reduces amount ofReduces amount of
space a file requiresspace a file requires
Makes file take up lessMakes file take up less
space on diskspace on disk Takes less time toTakes less time to
transmit acrosstransmit across
communication linescommunication lines
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4444Copyright 2003 by Prentice HallCopyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
Other Utility ProgramsOther Utility Programs
Backup and RestoreBackup and Restore
Backup: make copies of disks and store in aBackup: make copies of disks and store in asafe placesafe place
Restore: restore files from backupsRestore: restore files from backupsDisk defragmenter: reorganizes disk so allDisk defragmenter: reorganizes disk so allfiles are stored in contiguous locationsfiles are stored in contiguous locations
Device driver: handles commands forDevice driver: handles commands fordevices, such as printers and storagedevices, such as printers and storagedevicesdevices
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