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(ITS)
CEE 320Anne Goodchild
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Both oppose increasing the gas tax
• Obama• Opposed gas tax holiday• Invest in developing
alternative energy rather than drilling offshore
• Federal government should take lead on national infrastructure development
• Invest in “smart growth”• Infrastructure reinvestment
bank • $150 billion for clean energy
over 10 years• Modernize infrastructure –
ASCE D rating, 3 trillion unmet needs
• McCain• Supported gas tax holiday• Exploit remaining US oil
deposits• Small federal role in
transportation, strong input from state and local governments
• State’s should get back their investment in the highway trust fund
• $.3 billion for battery technology
• Modernize infrastructure
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Outline
• Need for traffic solutions• Improving technology
– Improved wireless networks– Low energy requirements– Improved management systems– Increased appetite for technology
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Road Use Growth
From the Bureau of Transportation Statistics, National Transportation Statistics 2003
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Changes in Congested Peak-Period Travel
Change in Congested Peak-Period Travel (1982-2000)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1982 1990 1994 2000
Year
Per
cent
of
Pea
k-P
erio
d T
rave
l in
Con
gest
ion
Los Angeles, CA
Seattle-Everett, WA
Boston, MA
Denver, CO
New York, NY-Northeastern, NJ
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Problems Caused by Congestion
• Increased…– Travel time– Travel cost– Air pollution– Accident risk– …..
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Hig
hw
ay C
apac
ity
Full Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
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Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Incidents can comprise 50% of peak period congestion.1 min delay in clearance = 4 to 5 min of traffic backup.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Caltrans reports 20% of freeway centerline miles are under construction.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
75% of NHS is subject to snow & 100% is subject to rain.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
Special events and disasters further restrict capacity
Periodic events can cause further restrict capacity.
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Work zones: major cost is delay imparted to the traveler
Incidents: more delay is caused by incidents thanby recurring peak period congestion.H
igh
way
Cap
acit
y
Remaining Effective Capacity
How Much Capacity Is There?
Weather: Snow, fog, rain can all restrict capacity
Special events and disasters further restrict capacity
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Options
• Construct new roads– Covered in geometric design– Not likely to happen on a large scale
• Reduce Traffic– Travel demand management– Alternative transportation
• Increase existing infrastructure capacity– Often exploits the intelligent transportation
systems (ITS)
All of these are required, and there will (probably) still be congestion
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Construction Is Part of the Solution
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Option 1: Construction
Highway Construction Cost Sampling
Project Total Cost Lane-Miles
Cost per
Lane-Mile
Route 3, North Boston $395.0 million 42 $9.4 million
I-4 Tampa to Orlando $403.0 million 73 $5.5 million
I-5 Oregon $30.0 million 5.16 $5.8 million
US 26 Sunset Hwy. Oregon $10.6 million 2.24 $4.8 million
US 12 near Walla Walla River $36.4 million 25 $1.5 million
US 101 on Olympic Peninsula $1.8 million 0.8 $2.2 million
General ConclusionHighways cost $1 to $10 million per lane-mile to build
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San Francisco’s Embarcadero Freeway: Removed 1991
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Option 2: Reduce Traffic or Spread Demand
• Make the trip using another mode– Extra capacity
• Don’t make the trip– Pricing– Controls
• Make the trip at adifferent time– Pricing– Controls
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Sounder Commuter Rail
• Tacoma-Seattle– Began 2000– 4 trips each way daily
• Everett-Seattle– Began 2003– 2 trips each way daily
New Slide
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Seattle-Everett Interurban Railway Co. (1907)
Asahel Curtis Photo Company Collection, University of Washington Digital Collection
New Slide
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Sounder vs. Interurban
Sounder Interurban
Tacoma service 2000 – present 1902 – 1928
Everett service 2003 – present 1910 – 1939
One-way trip time 52 – 58 minutes 70 – 100 minutes
Daily departures from Seattle 6 37
Number of stops 9 30
Top speed 80 mph 60 mph
One-way fare $3.00-$4.00 $0.60inflation adjusted: $12.00
Hauled freight? No Yes
Owner Sound Transit Puget Sound Energy
New Slide
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Option 2: Alternative Transport
SkyTran: Personal MagLev Transporter
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Option 3: Increase Existing Infrastructure Capacity
• An alternative to expensive new highway construction is the implementation of strategies that promote more efficient utilization of transportation infrastructures.
• Simple:– More people per vehicle (carpool, bus)– Smaller vehicles (motorcycles)– Narrow lanes
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Option 3: Increase Existing Infrastructure Capacity
• More complex:– Vehicle automation – Variable speed limits– Variable use facilities– Traffic monitoring– Ramp meters
• Many rely on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), which aims to reduce travel time, ease delay and congestion, improve safety, and reduce pollutant emissions
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Five Primary Functional Areas of ITS
• Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS)– Managing incidents
• Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS)– Giving users information about the system
• Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO)– Simplifies regulations (with benefits)
• Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS)– Reduce obstacles to use, give priority to vehicles
• Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS)– Safer, more efficient driving
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Advanced Traffic Management Systems
Photo from the Human-Computer Interaction Lab: University of Maryland
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WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center
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WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center
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WSDOT Traffic Systems Management Center
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ATMS: Snoqualmie Pass
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Advanced Traveler Information Systems
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ATIS: trafficgauge
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htt
p:/
/ww
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tml
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WAP Traffic
www.wiresoft.net/traffic/seattle
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ATIS: Traffic Cameras
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Commercial Vehicle Operations
• Apply, pay for and receive permits, registrations, and licenses electronically
• Share of common trucking data across agencies • Exchange information electronically with
roadside enforcement personnel• Electronic “screening” of trucks for safety or
other regulatory violations• Share information across state lines and with
Federal information systems
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CVO: Weigh-In-Motion System
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Advanced Public Transportation Systems
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An Example of APTS
http://busview.its.washington.edu/busview_launch.jsp?maps=gif
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APTS: Bus Signal Priority
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APTS: Smart Cards
• No need for change• Interoperable with
other transit agencies• Transit agency can
track passengers for better system design and cost control
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Advanced Vehicle Control Systems
Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC)
System
Lexus LS430/460, ES-350Benz S-Class, E55, AMG, CLS, SL, CLAcura RLAudi A6, A8, Q7Cadillac DTS, STS, XLRHonda LegendInfinity M, Q45Jaguar XK-RBMW 3, 5, 7 SeriesNisan PrimeraRange Rover SportToyota Sienna XLE, AvalonVolkswagon Phaeton, PassatRenault Vel SatisVolvo S80
New Slide
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VW and Google Earth
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Windows Live Local Street Level