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Cell Differentiation
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Learning Objectives
Describe the process of differentiation. Define stem cells and explain their importance. Identify the possible benefits and issues relating to stem
cell research.
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Defining Differentiation
During the development of an organism, cells differentiate to
become .specialized
Store sugarTransport materials
Carry out photosynthesis
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Mapping Differentiation
25 = 2? =
32
28
256
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What Are Stem Cells?
Stem cells are the cells from which differentiated cells develop.
Totipotent: “can do everything”
Pluripotent: “can do most things”
unspecialized
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Embryonic Stem Cells
embryonic stem cells
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Adult Stem Cells
• Multipotent: “can do many things”
• Give rise to limited number of cell types
• Mainly found in bone marrow, hair follicles
• Also some in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
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Regenerative Medicine
Undifferentiated cells are used to repair or replace damaged cells and tissues.
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Ethical Issues
•Human adult stem cell research is rarely controversial because of willing donors.
• Human embryonic stem cell research is controversial because arguments for and against involve ethical issues of life and death.
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Cellular Reprogramming
• Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)
• May ultimately help society reframe the debate over use of stem cells
Dr. Shinya Yamanaka