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Cell Structure & Function
Ch.4 & 1-4
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(4-1) History
• Cell: smallest unit that can carry on the processes of life
• Hooke (1665): looked at plants under microscope & saw “little boxes”– Named them “cells”
• Leeuwenhoek (1673): 1st to see living cells
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Cell Theory
1. All living things are composed of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of an organism
3. Cells only come from the reproduction of existing cells
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(4-2) Intro to Cells
• Cell Diversity– Your body has over 200 different types of
cells
Red Blood Cells Bacterial Cells Skin Cells
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Cell Size
• Most cells are microscopic
• Limited by surface area to volume ratio– Larger ratio = more efficient
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Surface Area to Volume Ratio
• Surface Area: L x W x # of sides
• Volume: L x W x H
• Ratio: SA / V
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Required rate of transportproportional to Volume, V
Feasible rate of transportproportional to Surf ace Area, S
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S/V declines with L, meaning that V increases faster than S.
= L= L3
= 6 x L2
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Hence, as cells get larger, desired rate increases f aster than f easible rate.
As cell gets larger, V f aster than S
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Cell Shape
• Determined by the function of the cell
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Basic Parts of a Cell
• Plasma (cell) membrane: covers cell’s surface & provides barrier
• Cytoplasm: fluid (cytosol), cytoskeleton, & organelles inside membrane– Site of chemical rxns
• Nucleus: control center
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Basic Cell Types
• “Before nucleus” (nucleoid)
• No membrane organelles
• Single cell organisms
• “True nucleus”
• Membrane organelles
• Multicellular & single cell organisms
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
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Cellular Organization
• Colonies:– Identical cells in a connected group– Not multicellular (few activities coordinated)
• Multicellularity:– Tissue– Organ– Organ system
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(4-3) Organelles & Features
• Structures are determined by the functions of each part
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Plasma Membrane
• Function: allows substances into & out of the cell
• Selectively permeable: allows only certain things to cross the membrane
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Parts of the Membrane
• Membrane lipids– Phospholipid
bilayer: hydrophobic & hydrophilic ends
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Parts of the Membrane (cont.)
• Membrane proteins– Peripheral proteins:
attached to sides– Integral proteins:
embedded w/in
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Fluid Mosaic Model
• Membrane behaves like a liquid
• Mosaic: changing pattern of proteins & lipids
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Nucleus
• Function: store hereditary info
(DNA) & control the cell
• Contains: – nuclear envelope: surrounds nucleus– nuclear pores: holes in envelope that allows
material to enter & leave nucleus– nucleolus: area of concentrated
DNA (chromatin)
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Mitochondria
• Function: makes ATP (E)
• “Powerhouse” of the cell
• Has own DNA
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
• Function: makes proteins & phospholipids, & prepares molecules for export out of cell
• Attached ribosomes make “rough”
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Smooth ER (SER)
• Function: makes lipids & steroid hormones, metabolizes carbs, regulates Ca2+ levels, & is detoxification center for cell
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Ribosomes
• Function: makes proteins
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Golgi Apparatus
• Function: stores, sorts, modifies, & ships materials out of the cell
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Vesicles
• Lysosomes: break down macromolecules– Release glucose into blood– Break down bacteria
• Peroxisomes: break down fatty acids– Detoxification center in liver cells
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Cytoskeleton
• Function: support system of the cell; aid in movement w/in the cell
– Microtubules
– Microfilaments
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Cilia & Flagella
• Function: locomotion & movement of materials around the cell
• Animal cells only*
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(4-4) Plant Cell Organelles
• Cell Wall
• Central vacuole
• Plastids
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Cell Wall
• Function: protects the cell; gives shape & structural support
• Outside cell membrane
• Made of cellulose & proteins
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Central Vacuole
• Function: stores materials such as water, enzymes, & waste
• Other vacuoles store toxins
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Plastids
• Have their own membrane & DNA & store materials (pigments, starch)
• Chloroplasts: plastids that undergo photosynthesis
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(1-4) Microscope
• Instrument that produces an enlarged image of an object
• Magnification: increase of an object’s size
• Resolution: ability to show details clearly
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Light Microscopes
• Stage: where slide is placed
• Objective lens: enlarges image
• Ocular lens: magnifies image further
• Nosepiece: revolves lenses
• Power of magnification: factor of enlargement– Obj. x ocular = total power of mag.– Ex: 40X x 10X = 400X
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Light Microscope (cont.)
• Diaphragm: adjusts amount of light
• Coarse-adjustment: focuses specimen
• Fine-adjustment: focuses specimen even more
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Electron Microscopes
• Beam of e- produces enlarged image of nonliving specimen
• More powerful than light microscopes
• 2 types:– Transmission (TEM)– Scanning (SEM)