Download - Cellular respiration
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Cellular Respiration
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (as ATP)
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ATP ADP + P
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Glycolysis
Phase 1
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“glucose breaks”Occurs in cytoplasmEnergy Investm
ent Phase.
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PHOSPHORYLATION – ATP invested for activation. (This destabilizes the glucose molecule slightly.)
Destabilized form of glucose.
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Rearrangement of atoms. Fructose-6-phosphate forms. It is an isomer of glucose-6-phosphate.
Destabilized form of glucose.
PHOSPHORYLATION – More ATP is invested, resulting in Fructose 1,6 diphosphate.
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Fructose 1,6 diphosphate is broken down into TWO 3 carbon molecules.
Remember: There are TWO product molecules for this and each succeeding step.
Net result: Two glyceraldehyde phosphate molecules.
C C
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Energy Yielding Phase
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Glyceraldehyde phosphate is oxidized as NAD picks up high energy electrons and hydrogen.
2 NADH are formed. These are high energy molecules.
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ATP Production
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Phosphate transferred to another carbon.
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Water produced.
ATP produced. 2 pyruvate molecules result.
Depending on the organism, and oxygen conditions, the 2 pyruvate molecules go through one of the following: alcohol fermentation, lactic acid fermentation (both anaerobic respiration) or aerobic respiration.
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Summary of Glycolysis
Starts with:1 glucose molecule
(C6H12O6)2 ATP
Ends with:2 pyruvate molecules2 NADH4 ATP (Gross), 2 ATP (NET)2 H2O
This process stores a small amount of energy in the bonds of ATP. Where did the energy come from?
Bond energy in GLUCOSE!
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ATP production
4 ATP generated - 2 ATP invested 2 ATP net
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The Fate of Pyruvate
Phase 2
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Depending on the type of organism, and / or oxygen conditions, pyruvate will be broken down via one of the following pathways.
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Anaerobic Pathways
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Occurs if oxygen is ABSENT.
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Pyruvate
Occurs in yeast and some bacteria.
NET ATP production: 2 ATP (from glycolysis)
NADH from glycolysis is recycled so that NAD can be reused in glycolysis.
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Occurs in muscles during power activities such as powerlifting and sprinting.
NET ATP production: 2 (from glycolysis)
CONSIDER THIS: WHY DO HUMANS NOT PRODUCE ALCHOHOL IN THEIR MUSCLES WHEN OXYGEN IS ABSENT?
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Transition Reactions and Krebs Cycle
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If oxygen is present
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REMEMBER: There are TWO pyruvate molecules from the original glucose molecule. Everything you see on this page happens TWICE.
TRANSITION REACTIONS: 1. Pyruvate is transported into mitochondria by a carrier molecule.2. Require a “multienzyme complex” which
1. Removes CO22. NAD accepts hydrogen and high energy electrons. NADH
forms.*3. CoA joins acetyl group to make it active.
* NADH carries enough energy to make 3 ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
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Acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate (4C) to produce citrate (6C).
4 C
2 C
6 C
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6 C
6 C
Citrate is isomerized to isocitrate.
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5 C
6 CIsocitrate loses CO2. NAD picks up hydrogen, electrons and energy from isocitrate.
Which has more energy: isocitrate or ketoglutarate. . .
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4 C
5 C1. CO2 is removed.
2. NADH forms.
3. CoA is bonded with a high energy bond.
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4 C4 C
ATP forms.
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4 C
4 C
FADH2 forms.
Every FADH2 molecule is used to produce 2 ATP molecules in the electron transport chain.
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4 C
4 C
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4 C
4 C
Another NADH molecule forms and oxaloacetate reforms.
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4 C
6 C
2 C
The cycle begins again . . .
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Summary of Transition Reactions and Krebs Cycle
Each pyruvate molecule entering the mitochondria goes through the transition reactions and Krebs cycleand results in:
2 CO24 NADH 1 FADH21 ATP
From one glucose molecule:
2 CO2 X 2 = 4 CO24 NADH X 2 = 8 NADH1 FADH2 X 2 = 2 FADH21 ATP X 2 = 2 ATP
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NADH and FADH2 transfer their electrons to carriers in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Each NADH generates 3 ATP. Each FADH2 generates 2 ATP.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nXop37NVOAY&feature=related
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FADH2
FAD
For every NADH that enters the chain, 3 ATP are formed.
For every FADH2 that enters the chain, 2 ATP are formed.
Water is the final electron acceptor. The electrons, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form one water molecule.
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Where is all the ATP generated?
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x3 x3
x3
x3
x3
x3
x2
x2
x2
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Glycolysis- 2 ATP+ 4 ATP
2 NADH x 3 = + 6 ATP
Transition Reactions and Krebs Cycle
-2 ATP*+2 ATP
8 NADH x 3 = +24 ATP2 FADH2 x 2 = +4 ATP
36 ATP