Download - Çeviri Kuramı Kavramlar
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EVR KURAMI
TEMEL KAVRAMLAR
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The process of translation between twodifferent languages involves the translator
changing an original written text (the source
text or ST) in the original verbal language (the
source language or SL) into a written text (thetarget text or TT) in a different verbal language
(the target language or TL). This type of
translation corresponds to interlingualtranslation and is one of the three categories
of translation described by Roman Jakobsen:
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a) interlingual translation (translation proper)
an interpretation of vebal signs by means ofsome other languages.
b) intralingual translation (or rewording) an
interpretation of verbal signs by means ofother signs of the same language. whenwe rephrase an expression or text in the same
language to explain or clarify something we
might have said or written.
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c) intersemiotic translation(transmutation) interpretation ofverbal signs by means of signs of non-
verbal sign systems. when wetranslate a written text into music, film,or painting (non-verbal signs).
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Translation has been present ever sincemankind used language(s) for means of
communication. It is an activity that
helped different cultures to be transferred
and known by other communities and that
hasnt lost its function in any phase ofmankinds existence on earth.
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The activity of translation is a means ofcommunication and a social agreement in
human relations. As for the theoretical
background of translation activity, we can
say that the process of its being located
into an academic frame has almost lasted
till today.
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Translation studies is a combination of
theory and practice. Translation iscomposed not only of practice or
theoretical exercise but also of their
equivalent association. Translation is alsoa study on languages which entails the
existence of translation
researches,semantics, comparativelinguistics, communication techniques,
cultural researches and equivalence.
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The problem solving technique within theprocess of reading the ST enhances the
language craft of comprehending the text
and metaphrasing (translating) it to
another language.
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Fransz dnr Etienne Dolet, eviridebir kuram ortaya atan ilk kii olarakeviri tarihi iinde yerini alr. Bir Dilden
Dier Bir Dile yi Bir ekilde eviriYapma Yollar adl yazsnda (How toTranslate Well From One Language Into
Another)be ilkeye deinir:
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1- evirmen, anlalmaz noktalara aklk
getirmekte zgr olmasna karn, zgnyazarn kastettii anlam ok iyi kavramal,
2- Kaynak ve hedef dili ok iyi bilmeli,
3- Szc szcne evirmemeli, 4- Gnlk dil kullanmlarna evirisinde yer
vermeli,
5- Doru tonu yakalayabilecek szck seimive dzeni belirlemelidir.
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nl Homer evirmeni ngiliz George
Chapman da bu grleri yineler velyadaevirisinin nsznde evirmene yleseslenir:
1- Szc szcne eviri yapmayn, 2- zgn metnin ruhuna ulamaya aln,
3- Gevek eviri yapmaktan saknn, eviri
ncesi ok bilimsel ve dikkatli bir aratrmayapn.
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WORD-FOR-WORD
TRANSLATION
A method of translating which entails precisefidelity to the wording of ST. Although it is
held by some to be synonymous with
LITERAL TRANSLATION, most writers now
consider it an extreme form of literal
translation in which a TL word is substituted
for each ST word without reference tosyntactical factors such as word order.
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SZC SZCNE EVR
Kaynak metindeki szcklerin erek metneszcklerin dizili sralarnn
deitirilmeden aktarld eviri tr. Buynteme gre kaynak metin, kaynakdildeki szck sras erek metindekorunarak evrilir.
I went to school. Ben gittim okula.
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LITERAL TRANSLATION
(METAPHRASE)
Can be defined in linguistic terms as atranslation made on a level lower than issufficient to convey the content unchanged while
observing TL norms (Barhudarov) Literal translation takes word-for-word
translation as its starting point, although
because of the necessity of conforming to TL
grammar, the final TT may also display group-group or clause-clause equivalence (Catford)
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SZC SZCNE EVR
evirmenin kaynak metnin biimselzelliklerine bal kalarak ve genellikleerek dilin dilbilgisine uygun olarak eviri
metni rettii bir eviri stratejisi
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SENSE-FOR-SENSE
TRANSLATION
A general term used to describe the typeof translation which emphasizes transfer ofthe meaning or spirit of an ST over
accurate reproduction of the originalwording. The purpose of such a policy is toaccommodate the needs of the TL readerby producing a text which conforms to the
linguistic and textual norms of the TL andculture and which does not thereforesound foreign.
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ANLAMINA GRE EVR
Kaynak metnin anlamnn ya da ruhununaktarmn ne karan bir eviri anlay.Bu yntemin amac erek dil ve kltrn
dilsel ve kltrel normlarna uygun, erek dilokurunun yabanc olarak grmeyeceibir eviri yaratmaktr.
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FAITHFULNESS (FIDELITY)
General terms used to describe the extent towhich a TT can be considered a fairrepresentation of ST according to some criterion.
Traditionally a faithful translation has beenunderstood as one which bears a strongresemblance to its ST, usually in terms of eitheritls LITERAL adherence to S meaning or itssuccesful communication of the spiritof theoriginal.
Bible translation
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SADAKAT
Erek metnin kaynak metni tam olarakyansttnn dnld durumlar iinkullanlan genel bir terim. Gelenekselolarak, kaynak metnin anlamna ya daruhuna szc szcne bal kalarakevirme olarak anlalan sadakat bu
nedenle zellikle kutsal metinlerinevirilerinde kullanlmtr.
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FREE TRANSLATION
(IMITATION)
A type of translation in which moreattention is paid to producing a naturally
reading TT than to preserving the ST
wording intact.
Free translations are generally more TL-oriented than literal translations.
Not the form but the meaning is important.
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ADAPTATION
A term traditionally used to refer to any TTin which a particularly FREE translation
strategy has been adopted.
The term usually imlies that considerablechanges have been made in order to
make the text more suitable for a specific
audience (e.g. Children) or for theparticular purpose behind the translation
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ADAPTATION (CNTD.)
Adaptation Cultural translation (Nida)
Bible translation X AdaptationPseudotranslation (Rado)
Translations skopos (Nord)
Rewriting
Imitation Version
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UYARLAMA
Yetikinler iin yazlan bir eserin ocuklarauyarlanmas
Tiyatro eserleri
Reklam metinleri
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EQUIVALENCE
A term used to decribe the nature and theextent of the relationships which exist
between SL and TL texts or smaller
linguistic units.
Replacement of textual material in onelanguage (SL) by equivalent textual
material in another language (TL)(Catford
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EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Nida 1. Dynamic equivalence (Communicative) 2. Formal equivalence Kade 1. Total (one-to-one) 2. Facultative (one-to-many) 3. Approximative (one-to-part) 4. Zero (one-to-none)
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EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Koller
1. Denotative
2. Connotative 3. Text-normative (i.ei text type-based)
4. Pragmatic
5. Formal-aesthetic
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EQUIVALENCE (CNTD.)
Popovic
1. Linguistic (phonetic, morphological,syntactic) (dilsel)
2. Paradigmatic (expressive system)(dizisel)
3. Stylistic (biemsel)
4. Textual (metinsel)
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Semantic Translation
A translation mode in which the translatorattempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic
constraints of the TL , to reproduce the precise
contextual meaning of the author (Newmark) A semantic translation consequently tends to
strive to reproduce the form of the original as
closely as TL norms will allow.
No effort is made to shift ST into a T culturalcontext.
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Semantic Translation (CNTD.)
Greater attention is paid to rendering theauthors original thought process in TL than toattempting to re-interpret ST in a way which thetranslator considers more appropriate for the
target setting.
A semantic translation will therefore treat theoriginal words as sacred, even if this requiresreproducing inconsistencies, ambiguities anderrors.
Literary texts
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COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION
A term used to refer to any approach whichviews translation as a communicative processwhich takes place within the social context
A communicative translation will typically beoriented towards the needs of the TL reader orrecipient.
Thus, the translator will treat ST as a message
rather than a mere string of linguistic units, andwill be concerned to preserve STs originalfunction and to reproduce its effect on the newaudience
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COMMUNICATIVE TRANSLATION
(CNTD.)
Journalistic writing
Textbooks,
Public notices Most non-literary genres.
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TRANSLATION TYPES (Jacobson)
Interlingual translation (translation proper)
Intralingual translation (rewording)
Intersemiotic translation