Ch 13 Ch 13 Personal CarePersonal Care
SkinSkin
1.1. ProtectionProtection
2.2. Temperature RegulationTemperature Regulation
3.3. Information GatheringInformation Gathering
What are the three functions of your skin?
• Largest body organ
Your SkinYour Skin
How does you skin regulate body temperature?
1. Evaporation of sweat cools the skin.
2. Blood vessels expand to release internal body heat.
3. Blood vessels in skin narrow to keep warmth in your body.
How does your skin protect you?
• protects the body from injury, infection, and water loss
• protects organs and tissue
Your SkinYour Skin
How does your skin gather information?
• nerves in the skin
• detect hot, cold, soft, hard, etc
The outermost layer of your skin
Cells at this layer are dead
Constantly shed this layer
Keratin
a protein that makes the skin tough and waterproof
Melanin
dark pigment that gives skin some of its color
The EpidermisThe Epidermis
tough, elastic layer of skin below the epidermis
Pore
tiny opening on the surface of the skin
Follicle
structure that hair grows from
Sebaceous Gland
produce an oil to keep skin soft
produce sebum
acid to kill bacteria
The DermisThe Dermis
Layers of the SkinLayers of the Skin
Epidermis
Dermis
Fat
Sweat gland Hair follicle Nerve
Blood vessels
Sweat droplet
Pore Hair
Sebaceousgland
Caring for Your SkinCaring for Your Skin
1. avoid damage from the sun and tanning lamps
2. monitor moles
3. nutritious diet
4. drink plenty of water
How can you keep your skin healthy?
Preventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin CancerBasal Cell most common type of skin cancer (90%)
small dome shaped bump
rarely spreads
Squamous Cell usually affects older adults
red bump on nose, ears, face, arms
spreads faster than basal cell but not common
Melanoma least common form of skin cancer
most deadly form of cancer
usually form from moles
Preventing Skin CancerPreventing Skin Cancer
How to avoid skin cancer
1. Limit exposure to sun
2. Use sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher
3. Wear a hat with a brim
Diameter • The diameter is greater than ¼ inch, eraser head
Monitoring MolesMonitoring MolesThe ABCD rule
Asymmetry • One half of the a mole does not match the other half
Border • Edges are uneven, notched, or blurred
Color• The color is not consistent throughout the mole
Basal Cell
Squamous Cell
Melanoma
AcneHow does acne form?• excess oil and dead cells plug a hair follicle
• a condition in which an area of skin becomes red, swollen, hot, and itchy.
EczemaEczema
• can be treated with medication
• sometimes the skin blisters and oozes.
What is Eczema?
•Boils • Boils are swollen, painful infections of hair follicles caused by
bacteria.
Treating Skin InfectionsTreating Skin Infections
•Cold Sores • Cold sores are clusters of watery blisters caused by a virus.
•Warts • hardened growths on the skin that are also caused
by a virus
•Ringworm • fungus, which is highly contagious, produces red,
scaly, ring-shaped patches on the skin.
Treating Skin Infections
•Athlete’s Foot • fungus causing burning, itching, cracking, and peeling of
the skin on the feet and between the toes.
Treating Skin Infections
• Hair protects the scalp from sunlight and provides insulation from the cold.
Your HairYour Hair
• Hairs in the nostrils and ears and your eyelashes, prevent debris from entering the body.
What is the purpose of hair?
•Head lice • small insects that live on the scalp and lay their eggs on hair
• avoid sharing combs, brushes, or hats.
Hair ProblemsHair Problems
Hair Problems•Dandruff
• occurs when the epidermal cells of the scalp are shed at a faster than normal rate
• may be caused by fungal infections, overactive oil glands, stress, and heredity
• dead skin cells
Your NailsYour Nails
• protect the tips of your fingers and toes
What are your nails?
What is the purpose of your nails?
•Ingrown toenail • sides of a toenail grow into the skin
• can become infected
Nail ProblemsNail Problems
Teeth and GumsTeeth and Gums
What would your life be like without teeth?
• Difficulty eating, talking
TeethTeeth
• Adult has approximately 32 teethAdult has approximately 32 teeth• Made of living and non-living tissueMade of living and non-living tissue• Unable to repair themselvesUnable to repair themselves
Teeth StructureTeeth Structure• EnamelEnamel
• the hardest material in your body, covers a tooth’s crown
• CementumCementum• covers a tooth’s root and helps to
anchor the tooth to the jawbone• DentinDentin
– living material that makes up the majority of a tooth
• PulpPulp– soft tissue that fills the center of each
tooth
Teeth StructureTeeth Structure• GumsGums
• pink tissue that surrounds the base of your teeth and covers the bone around the teeth
• fit tightly around the neck of each tooth like a collar, holding it firmly in place
Teeth StructureTeeth Structure
Crown
Neck
Root
Blood vessels
Root canal
Cementum
Nerve
Gum
PulpDentin
Enamel
TeethTeeth
Cut food intobite-sized pieces.
Crush andgrind food.
Crush andgrind food.
Tear and slash food.
Incisors
Premolars
Molars
Canines
Structural Problems w/ TeethStructural Problems w/ TeethDuring what period of a person’s life do they experience the most problems with their teeth?
• during the growing years, changes in the jaw can lead to structural problems
Structural Problems w/ TeethStructural Problems w/ Teeth
• upper and lower teeth do not meet properly, improper bite
MalocclusionMalocclusion
What is the problem with malocclusion?• chewing difficulty or causes the teeth to wear down unevenly
Wisdom TeethWisdom TeethWhat are wisdom teeth?
• the third set of molars
When does a person’s wisdom teeth usually grow?• between the ages of 17 - 21
Why are wisdom teeth often removed?• not enough room, prevent from impaction
Tooth DecayTooth Decay• cavitycavity or tiny hole forms in or tiny hole forms in
enamelenamel
What happens if a cavity is not treated?• bacteria can decay the rest of layers of the tooth causing an infection
Root Canal TherapyRoot Canal Therapy
• infected pulp is removed and replaced with a rubbery material
Gum DiseaseGum DiseasePlaquePlaque• white sticky film on teeth
TartarTartar
• hardened plaque
PeriodontitisPeriodontitis
• severe tartar infection in the gums
• can cause teeth to fall out and infect jaw bone
GingivitisGingivitis• build up of tartar that irritates the gum
Gum Disease - NormalGum Disease - Normal
Gum Disease - GingivitisGum Disease - Gingivitis
Gum Disease - PeriodontitisGum Disease - Periodontitis
Gum Disease - Adv. PeriodontitisGum Disease - Adv. Periodontitis
Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your Teeth
• Brush at least twice a day, preferably after every meal.
• helps prevents halitosishalitosis
• chronic bad breath
• Use a toothbrush with soft bristles
• Brush all surfaces of your teeth; outer, inner & top
• Brush away from your gums
• Brush your tongue
Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your TeethFlossingFlossing
• Dental floss removes food and plaque from areas that a toothbrush cannot reach.
• You should floss your
teeth once a day.
Caring for Your TeethCaring for Your Teeth
• Having regular dental checkups, about twice a year, can identify problems before they become painful or hard to treat.
Dental CheckupsDental Checkups
• Because of checkups and other preventive care, young people today generally have fewer cavities than their parents did at the same age.
• Some people also visit their dentist to discuss teeth whitening.
How often should you have a dental checkup?
Dental ProfessionsDental Professions
OrthodontistOrthodontist• doctor who corrects the position of the jaw and teeth
PeriodontistPeriodontist
Dental HygienistDental Hygienist• specializes in preventive oral health
• doctor who treats diseases and problems with the structural support of teeth
EndodontistEndodontist
• doctor who treats diseases and problems with the tooth pulp and root
Complex organs that respond to light by sending impulses.
Your Eyes
Your brain then interprets the impulses as images.
EyesEyes
• Bones around face protect them from injury
• Eyelashes and eyelids screen out dirt and bright light
• Tears keep eyes moist and clean
How are your eyes protected?
Parts of EyeParts of Eye• Cornea
– clear covering over the eye
• Pupil– opening in the center of eye
• Iris– color of eye and controls amount of light
entering eye
• Lens– bends the light rays so the come to a point
in your eye
Parts of EyeParts of Eye• Retina
– Layer of cells that line the back of the eyeRods
– distinguish black and whiteCones
– distinguish colors
• Sclera– white outer part of eye
• Optic Nerve – takes nerve impulses to the brain
Parts of Parts of EyeEye
Sclera
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Lens
Muscle
Retina
Macula
Optic Nerve
Vitreous
How do you see?How do you see?• light strikes the rods and cones, nerve impulses travel through the optic nerves to the brain
• the brain turns the flipped image right-side up.
NearsightednessNearsightedness• Person see closer objects clearer, but Person see closer objects clearer, but
distant objects are blurrydistant objects are blurry• Images focuses in front of retinaImages focuses in front of retina
FarsightednessFarsightedness• Person sees distant objects clearly, but Person sees distant objects clearly, but
close objects are blurryclose objects are blurry• Image focuses beyond retinaImage focuses beyond retina
AstigmatismAstigmatism• Blurred vision at all distancesBlurred vision at all distances• Irregular shaped cornea or lensIrregular shaped cornea or lens
Color BlindnessColor Blindness
• Hereditary diseaseHereditary disease• Unable to Unable to
distinguish certain distinguish certain colorscolors
• Usually red and Usually red and green look browngreen look brown
PinkeyePinkeye
• Inflammation of inner lining of eyelidsInflammation of inner lining of eyelids• Caused by bacteria, virus, or allergyCaused by bacteria, virus, or allergy
GlaucomaGlaucoma• Increased pressure of the fluids in the eyeIncreased pressure of the fluids in the eye• Damages retina and causes blindness Damages retina and causes blindness
graduallygradually
CataractCataract• Lens becomes cloudy and blocks Lens becomes cloudy and blocks
light entering eyelight entering eye• Usually occurs in the elderlyUsually occurs in the elderly
Aging or an injury to the eye can cause the retina to separate from the lining of the eye.
Detached Retina
This condition occurs when cells in the center of the retina break down.
Macular Degeneration
Sties and Conjunctivitis
What are sties? painful swelling that occurs when an oil gland at the base of an eyelash becomes infected
What is conjunctivitis? an inflammation of the outside layer of the eye.
Eye Care Tips
1. Blink often when using a computer
2. Do not rub your eyes
3. Eat foods rich Vitamin A (Carrots, Red Peppers, Cantaloupe
4. Wear sunglasses outdoors to protect from UV-rays
EarsEarsWhat are the functions of the ear?
1. Convert sound into nerve impulses for the brain to interpret.
2. Detect position and movement of the head
3. Help you stand upright, walk smoothly, and adjust body position.
Parts of EarParts of EarOuter Ear
Channels sound waves into the ear canal
narrow cavity leading to middle ear
Sound waves strike the eardrum causing it to vibrate
thin membrane at end of ear canal
Parts of EarParts of EarMiddle Ear Vibrations from the eardrum pass to the Hammer, Anvil, & Stirrup
Three small bones (smallest in body)
Parts of EarParts of EarInner Ear Vibrations from the stirrup pass to the oval window
clear membrane attached to the stirrup
oval window passes the vibrations to the fluid of the cochlea
spiral tube filled with fluid and hair
fluid in cochlea move the hairs, which stimulate cells to make nerve impulses
nerve impulses are gathered in the auditory nerve and travel to the brain
brain interprets the impulse as sound
Hammer
Eardrum
Auditory Canal
Stirrup
Eustachian Tube
Cochlea
Auditory Nerve
Semicircular CanalsAnvil
The semicircular canals send information to your brain about the movements of your head.
The Inner Ear and Balance
When your head moves, the fluid inside the semicircular canals causes “hairs” in the canals to move.
How do the semicircular canals do this?
The movement stimulates nerve cells, which send impulses to your brain.
What is the structure in the ear that keeps you balanced?
Other Ear StructuresOther Ear StructuresEustachian Tubes Tubes that connect the middle ear to
the throat for pressure equalization
Bacterial infections of the middle ear can sometimes result in some hearing loss.
Treating Ear Infections
A middle-ear infection may cause the eardrum to break, or rupture.
Scar tissue makes the eardrum less flexible and less able to transmit sound.
Tubes may be inserted in the eardrum to allow fluid to drain from the middle ear.
Cauliflower EarCauliflower EarWhat is cauliflower ear?
Deformity of outer ear caused by repeated hits to the ear
Treating Hearing Problems
Audiologist
• professionals who are trained to evaluate hearing and treat hearing loss
Caring for Ears
• Clean outer ear but not inner• Limit exposure to loud noises