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CH2 Foundations of World History: Prehistory-300 C.E.
Why is it called “Prehistory”?
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Bell Ringer
• What is a nomad?
• What is a major benefit of farming?
• Can you name an empire?
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Hunter-Gatherer Societies• The earliest humans (2.5 Million years ago) were Hunter-
Gatherers and Nomads.– Hunter-Gatherers: Human who subsisted (survived) by hunting
wild animals and gathering wild food– Nomads: A group of people who move from place to place
following food supplies.• This was an extremely simple lifestyle, and these groups
were self-sufficient (gathered what they needed to survive)
• Despite being mobile and following animal herds a number of hunter-gatherer groups maintained “central places” they consistently returned to.
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• Since most materials from this time were organic based they have deteriorated over time.
• Stone has survived the best, and artifacts can still be found today.
• Art formed on stone has also survived.
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Stone Age Tools
• How is stone used as a tool?– Smash Things– Cut Things– Dig
• Stone can be cracked and “shaped” to form an edge that would be useful in many tasks.
• The Knowledge of how to make tools was culturally transmitted.
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From Hunting-Gathering to Farming
• Many hunter-gatherer groups were based on kinship (family)
• While these groups could be about 30-50 people large and span up to 100 miles in size, some groups became more developed.
• “Central Places” became almost permanent, as all the resources they needed were near by.
• Food storage systems were developed• Farming was developed
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From Hunting-Gathering to Farming
• The large majority of early cultures developed near or in river valleys.
• Some of the first farmers began to appear in the Fertile Crescent. This is an area of land found in Southwest Asia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
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• Part of the reason farming and living a sedentary life became possible was because of domestication.– Sedentary: Settled, non-nomadic– Domestication: A biological process in which the
physical characteristics of wild plants and animals is changed as a result of human intervention
• Early farmers carefully selected and planted grains and animals which they found desirable. Over time these selected items overtook the majority of other naturally found items. (Grains)
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• Though farming led to a more sedentary lifestyle, some people still chose to be Pastoral Nomads.– Pastoral Nomads: member of a group whose
economy revolves around its herd of domesticated animals, with which the group periodically moves to find new grazing land.
• Agriculture would eventually spread from the Fertile Crescent to Egypt , Europe, and India through cultural diffusion.– Cultural Diffusion: spread of ideas, inventions, or
other cultural elements from one society to another• Agriculture appears to have risen independently
in China, the Americas, and Sub Saharan Africa.
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Why did agriculture spread by cultural diffusion to Europe, Egypt, and India, but develop independently in the Americas, China, and Sub-Saharan Africa?
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The Rise of Civilizations
• Civilizations: A highly organized and complex society
• Why does farming lead to civilizations?
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The Rise of Civilizations
• “Civilization suggests that there is in fact some kind of Quantum Leap in complexity”– Farming (Geography)– Writing– Industrial Production– Higher grade metals– Micro Chip
• Civilizations also had a Hierarchy: a ranking of groups of people according to importance.
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Why Civilizations arose• Access to Water
– Access to water made it easier to farm, trade, and get water.• Government
– As populations increase you need a way to control them. More complex civilizations have bigger governments
• Defense– Increase in size means increase in competition. Large settlements
could protect themselves• Specialized Jobs
– Now that everyone didn’t need to farm to survive people could go into other jobs: artisan, merchant, soldier, Government, farmer
• Trade– Specialized goods and surplus goods could be traded to other
communities.