AP European History – Eastview High SchoolChapter 21 – The Revolution in Politics

(1775-1815)Section 5 – The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815

McKay, et al. 8th ed.

The Napoleonic Era, 1799-1815

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon was born into an

impoverished noble family from Corsica – he left home in 1785 and became a lieutenant in the French artillery. He rose rapidly in the French army and was placed in command of French forces in Italy (fighting against Austria) and won impressive victories in 1796 and 1797 – this helped to create his reputation.

France in 1799

Napoleon appealed to many like abbe Emanuel Sieyes, who looked for a strong military leader to end the country’s upheaval. Sieyes’ new motto was “Confidence from below, authority from above.”

Napoleon as First Consul

Napoleon was named First Consul of the Republic in 1799.

Essential Early Compromises1. He maintained order and

worked out important compromises.

a. His Civil Code of 1804 granted the middle class equality under the law and safeguarded their right to own property.

b. He confirmed the gains of the peasants.

c. He centralized the government, strengthened the bureaucracy, and granted amnesty to nobles.

d. He signed the Concordat of 1801, which guaranteed freedom of worship for Catholics.

Order & Stability, but at a cost

1. Napoleon brought order and stability to France but betrayed the ideals of the Revolution by violating the rights of free speech and press and free elections.

a. Women had no political rights; they lost many gains they had made, and the Napoleonic Code re-established the power of the male in the family.

b. There were harsh penalties for political offenses.

Napoleon’s Wars & Foreign Policy

A. Napoleon’s wars and foreign policy

1. He defeated Austria (1801) and made peace with Britain (1802), the two remaining members of the Second Coalition.

2. Another war (against the Third Coalition—Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Britain) resulted in British naval dominance at the Battle of Trafalgar (1805).

Napoleon Crowned Emperor

Napoleon used the fear of a conspiracy to return the Bourbons to power in order to proclaim himself Emperor in 1804.

He also crowns Josephine as Empress

Painting by David

Napoleon’s Wars & Foreign Policy

The Third Coalition collapsed at Austerlitz (1805), and Napoleon reorganized the German states into the Confederation of the Rhine.

In 1806, Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Jena and Auerstadt.

In the Treaty of Tilsit (1807), Prussia lost half its population, while Russia accepted Napoleon’s reorganization of western and central Europe.

Russia also joined with France in a blockade against British goods.

The Grand EmpireNapoleon’s

Grand Empire in Europe meant French control of continental Europe.

Napoleon introduced many French laws, abolishing feudal dues and serfdom in the process.

However, he also levied heavy taxes.

Beginning of the EndThe

beginning of the end for Napoleon came with the Spanish revolt (1808) and the British blockade.

The Invasion of Russia

The French invasion of Russia in 1812 was a disaster for Napoleon.

Napoleon’s DefeatNapoleon was

defeated by the Fourth Coalition (Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain) and abdicated his throne in 1814, only to be defeated again at Waterloo in 1815.

Napoleon’s ExcileNapoleon is finally

exciled to the island of St. Helena located off the west coast of Africa.

Napoleon’s Tomb in Paris

Questions for your review1. What was the Concordat of 1801? Who was the agreement

between and what did it stipulate?

2. What are the significant achievements of Napoleon’s domestic reforms?

3. What was the Treaty of Amiens and what did it stipulate?

4. Who did Napoleon defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz?

5. What happened at the Battle of Trafalgar?

6. What was the aim of Napoleon’s “family monarchy?”

7. With whom does Napoleon negotiate peace terms with on a raft in the middle of a river?

8. What was the Continental system and how would you characterize its success?

9. Where did the first great revolt against the Grand Empire occur?

10. Explain the significance of Napoleon’s invasion of Russia.