ChandraObservations of Kiloparsec-ScaleJets
Dan Schwartz
Chandra X-ray Center Harvard/Smithsonian Center for
Astrophysics
Calibration Workshop Cambridge, MA
26 October, 2004
INTRODUCTION
• What Do Jets Do?
– Carry large quantities of energy, to supply radio lobes
– Interact with gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies
• What Do We Want to Learn?
– Particle composition and acceleration
– Jet acceleration and collimation
• Why Do We Need Multiwavelength Data?
– Spectral Energy Distribution (SED) gives mechanism
– Particle lifetimes change with observed band
IMAGING ISSUES
• Morphology
– Radio/Optical/X-ray comparison
– Knots vs. hotspots vs. continuum
• Detailed Spatial Relations
– How do we define a region?
– Where are acceleration sites?
– Lifetime issues
• Change of Direction
Outline1. Nearby Jets
• Cen A, 3.4 Mpc
• M87, 16 Mpc
• 3C 273, 750 Mpc
2. Quasar/FRII Jets
3. Jets at Large Redshift
Cen A, Kraft et al.
M87 Nucleus and Inner Jet
12:30:49.049.249.4 48.8 48.6 48.4 48.2
2:23:30
31
32
33
34
35
36
29
28
27
26
C + G
B
A
FE
knot D
HST-1
core
Gaussian smoothing: FWHM=0.25 asec
1/10 native ACIS pixels
No pixel randomization
M87 Sum of 6 Chandra observations
0.8asec
D. Harris, et al.
Marshall et al. 2001ApJ...549L.167M
Outline1. Nearby Jets
2. Quasar/FRII Jets
• Spatially resolved analysis
• Broadband SED
• Interpretation as IC/CMB
• Kinetic flux and efficiency
3. Jets at Large Redshift
PKS 0208-512 PKS 0920-397
PKS 1030-357
PKS 1202-262
Outline1. Nearby Jets
2. Quasar/FRII Jets
3. Jets at Large Redshift• Beacons to Large Redshift?
• Radio quiet X-ray jets?
J0841
30" = 273 kpc
Schwartz et al., 2004ApJ...605L.105S
3" = 20kpc
GB 1508+5714
z=4.3
Siemiginowska et al., 2003ApJ...598L..15S
DE
CL
INA
TIO
N (
J200
0)
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)13 25 33 32 31 30 29 28
-43 00 15
30
45
01 00
15
Hardcastle et al., 2003ApJ...593..169H
Cen A
8.4 GHz0.4–7 keV
1 kpc
29
10 arcsec
C+G
B
AF
E
D
HST-1
CORE
Harris et al., 2003ApJ...586L..41H
M87 Jet
0.77 kpc
Core HST-1
10 arcsec
C+G
B
AF
E
D
HST-1
CORE
Harris et al., 2003ApJ...586L..41H
M87 Jet
0.77 kpc
Core HST-1
E
B C
D F
A
0 5 100
200
400
600
1 10
Multiwavelength observations of FR II Jets
0723+679
1136-13.5
1150+497
1354+195
Sambruna et al. (2002ApJ...571..206S; astro-ph/0401475)
PKS 0208-512
PKS 2101-490
PKS 0920-397
PKS 1030-357PKS 1202-262
3C 273
Schwartz et al. (2000ApJ...540L..69S,2003agnc.conf..359S)
Marshall et al.(2001ApJ...549L.167M)
2 4 6 8 10
50
100
150
200
K 2
PKS 0208-512
Quasar
5" = 43 kpc
K 1
K 3
0.5 to 7 keV
0.492′′pixels
1.23′′↔ 95%
z=0.999
PKS 0920-397
K 2
K 1
Quasar
10" = 72 kpc
H0=65Ωm =0.3ΩΛ =0.7
z=0.591
12" = 109 kpc
Quasar
PKS 1030-357
K 3
K 1
K 2
z=1.455
Knot 1
5" = 40.3 kpc
Knot 2
PKS 1202-262
Quasar
z=0.789
0.5-7 keV X-rays
z=0.653PKS 0637-752
K4K3
8.6 GHz
11"=76 kpc
K2K1
Spectral Energy Distribution often indicates against Synchrotron X-rays
Spectral Energy Distribution often indicates against Synchrotron X-rays
Sambruna et al., 2002ApJ...571..206S
Spectral Energy Distribution often indicates against Synchrotron X-rays
Sambruna et al., 2002ApJ...571..206S
Inverse Compton X-rays from the CMB:
γx ≈102−3
γr ≈104−5
Some jets may be de-tectable by GLAST,at 10−13 to 10−12 ergscm−2 s−1
1 10 100 10000.1
1
10
100
1 10 100 10000.1
1
10
100
1 10 100 10000.1
1
10
100
The intersection gives a solution
for the magnetic field, B, in the
rest frame, and for the apparent
Doppler factor,
δ = (Γ(1− β cos(θ))−1.
Uncertainties in the Magnetic Field Estimates
Uncertainties in the Magnetic Field Estimates
Equipartition
Uncertainties in the Magnetic Field Estimates
Equipartition Inverse Compton
1 10 100 10000.1
1
10
100
• Determined B and δ
within a factor of 2
• Kinetic flux is ∝ (Bδ)2,
for equipartition
5 10 15 20 25 30
5
10
15
20
5 10 15 20 25 30
5
10
15
20
Kinetic Flux
• K =Γ2π r 2β c U
• U is total internal energy
density, UB+Ue+Up
• For equipartition,
U= B2
8π(2 + k)
• NOTE: K constant ⇒(B Γ)2 = constant
5 10 15 20 25 30
5
10
15
20
Kinetic Flux
• K =Γ2π r 2β c U
• U is total internal energy
density, UB+Ue+Up
• For equipartition,
U= B2
8π(2 + k)
• NOTE: K constant ⇒(B Γ)2 = constant
• We takeΓ ≈ δδ = (Γ(1− β cos(θ)))−1
• cos(θmax) = δ−1/δ√(δ2−1)
100 10000.1
1
10
Kinetic Flux
From K = Γ2π r 2β c U,
K ∝ δ2θ2r (3 B2/(8 π))
Kinetic Flux
From K = Γ2π r 2β c U,
K ∝ δ2θ2r (3 B2/(8 π))
Kinetic flux is a signif-
icant, even dominant,
portion of the accretion
energy budget.
Implications of the FR II Jets
• Eddington Luminosity might not limitAccretion Rate
• Jets may Power Cluster Cavities – StopCooling Flows
• IC/CMB X-ray jets Maintain ConstantSurface Brightness vs. z. We will detectthem at Arbitrarily Large Redshift.
PERSEUS AFabian et al. (2000MNRAS.318L..65F)
3h19m40s3h19m50s3h20m00s
41:29:00
41:30:00
41:31:00
41:32:00
41:33:00
RA
Dec
50′′=18.4 kpc
1.4 GHz VLA
PERSEUS AFabian et al. (2000MNRAS.318L..65F)
3h19m40s3h19m50s3h20m00s
41:29:00
41:30:00
41:31:00
41:32:00
41:33:00
RA
Dec
50′′=18.4 kpc
1.4 GHz VLA
Hot cluster Gas
Cavities
Cooler Gas!
PERSEUS AFabian et al. (2000MNRAS.318L..65F)
3h19m40s3h19m50s3h20m00s
41:29:00
41:30:00
41:31:00
41:32:00
41:33:00
RA
Dec
50′′=18.4 kpc
1.4 GHz VLA
Hot cluster Gas
Cavities
Cooler Gas!
Fossil Cavities
Fabian et al., (2002MNRAS.331..369F)74 MHz
PERSEUS AFabian et al. (2000MNRAS.318L..65F)
3h19m40s3h19m50s3h20m00s
41:29:00
41:30:00
41:31:00
41:32:00
41:33:00
RA
Dec
50′′=18.4 kpc
1.4 GHz VLA
Hot cluster Gas
Cavities
Cooler Gas!
Fossil Cavities
Fabian et al., (2002MNRAS.331..369F)74 MHz
p ∆V ≈ 2× 1058 ergsume ∆V ≈ 4× 1056 ergsPressure equality⇒ k/f≥180Lifetimes⇒ B≤ Bme/4
Do Sound Waves Provide the Energy?
3h19m30s3h19m40s3h19m50s3h20m00s
41:28
41:30
41:32
41:34
RA
DEC
Fabian et al. 2003astro-ph/0306036
0.1 1 10
10
100
0.1 1 10
10
100
0.1 1 10
10
100
0.1 1 10
10
100
Where ARE the bright X-ray Jets at High Redshift?
• Unidentified ROSAT sources?
• Bright ROSAT, ASCA, EINSTEIN quasar identifications?
• Extreme X-ray/Optical sources (Koekemoer et al.
2004ApJ...600L.123K) in Chandra Deep Surveys?
Where ARE the bright X-ray Jets at High Redshift?
3" = 20kpc
GB 1508+5714
z=4.3
Siemiginowska et al. 2003ApJ...598L..15SCheung,2004ApJ...600L..23C
There Should Be Radio Quiet X-Ray Jets!
• 1 keV X-rays produced byγ ≈ 1000/Γ
• ν = 4.2×10−6γ2 H[µG] ≈ 10 MHz
A Radio Quiet X-Ray Jet?
EMSS 0841+1314
30"
J0841
30" = 273 kpc
A Radio Quiet X-Ray Jet?
EMSS 0841+1314
30"
J0841
30" = 273 kpc
z=1.8661
DE
CL
INA
TIO
N (
J200
0)
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)08 41 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.5
13 11 20
15
10
05
00
10 55
A Radio Quiet X-Ray Jet?
EMSS 0841+1314
30"
J0841
30" = 273 kpc
z=1.8661
DE
CL
INA
TIO
N (
J200
0)
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)08 41 29.0 28.5 28.0 27.5
13 11 20
15
10
05
00
10 55
DE
CL
INA
TIO
N (
J200
0)
13 11 30
15
00
10 45 f8.6GHz ≤ 100µJy
Correlation of X-ray Jet and Radio Flux Densities
Significance of the X-ray Emission
1. X-rays typically radiate the most energy
2. Quasar/Black hole core X-ray emission may be dominated
by jets (in radio sources)
If emission is inverse Compton on CMB,
and emission region is in equipartition:
3. X-rays give the effective Doppler factor and rest frame B
4. X-ray jets will be detectable at arbitrarily large redshift