Download - Changes Within the Earth
![Page 1: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Changes Within the EarthChapter 1Section 2
![Page 2: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GEOGRAPHY – the study of the earth’s physical structure and history
Physical CharacteristicsThe Earth’s Layers
Core – center (inner/outer) Mantle – mostly solid Crust – rocky surface layer
Natural forces interact with the earth’s crust, creating landforms, or natural features, found on the earths surface
![Page 3: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Land, Air, and WaterGeographers often talk of the different
elements of the earth’s natural environment as a set of related “spheres” dominated by different physical forms Lithosphere – layer of soil, land, rock, landforms Atmosphere – layer of air, water, and other
substances above the surface Hydrosphere – consists of water, oceans, lakes and
rivers Biosphere – the world of plants, animals, and other
living things that occupy the land and water
70% water Continents – large landmasses in the oceans
![Page 4: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Landforms are commonly classified according to differences in relief – the difference in elevations between the highest and lowest pointsMajor landforms – mountains, hills, plateaus,
and plains
![Page 5: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Physical Processes – “What forces shaped the landforms here?”1st – internal forces that originated in the
earth’s interior Volcanism
•Form when magma breaks through the earth’s crust
•On the surface, molten rock is called lava
![Page 6: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Movement in the CrustBending and buckling breaks the earth’s crust
Results in a foldHardness of rock and strength of movement
determines whether a fault or fold
![Page 7: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Understanding the PastPlate Tectonics – theory states the earth’s
outer shell is not one solid sheet of rock
![Page 8: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Continental DriftContinent
al drift theory – Pangaea One large
continent that broke apart
![Page 9: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Seafloor SpreadingUsing sonar, scientists began to map the floor
of the Atlantic Ocean, discovering that it was not flat
Youngest rock was found nearest underwater ridge system
![Page 10: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Plate Movement/MeetingConvection - a circular movement caused when
a material is heated, expands and rises, then cools and falls
Subduction – when a denser plate slides beneath the other, an arc of volcanic islands may form along the plate boundary
When two oceanic plates collide, neither slides Buckling, bending, folding
![Page 11: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Expanding VolcanoesRing of Fire – circle of volcanoes surrounding
the Pacific Ocean
![Page 12: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Changes on the Earth’s Surface
Chapter 1Section 3
![Page 13: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Weathering- the breakdown of rock at or near the earth’s
surface into smaller pieces
Physical/Mechanical Weathering – when rock is actually broken or weakened physicallyFreezing waterFrost wedgingSeeds taking root in cracks of rock
![Page 14: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Chemical Weathering – altering a rock’s chemical makeup by changing the minerals that form the rock or combining them with new chemical elementsWater and carbon dioxideMoistureAcid Rain – chemicals in polluted air combine
with water vapor and fall back to earth
![Page 16: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Erosion- movement of weathered material such as
gravel, soil, and sandWater – largest canyons and deepest valleys
created by moving water Sediment – small particles of soil, sand, and gravel
Wind – 2nd major cause Loess – windblown deposits of mineral-rich dust and
silt Sandstorms
![Page 17: Changes Within the Earth](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062520/568160ae550346895dcfce58/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Glaciers- huge, slow-moving sheets of ice
Moraines – ridge like piles of rocks and debris