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CHAPTER 1 SECTION 2Changes Within the Earth
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Physical Characteristics
Geology- study of the earth’s physical structure and history- looks at changes of the earth, causes and effects, predictions- all from the history of the earth (about 4.6 billion years)
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Physical Characteristics(The Earth’s Layers)
page 44
The inside of the earth is made up of three separate layers- core- mantle- crust
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Physical Characteristics(The Earth’s Layers)
Core- center of the earth consists of very hot metal (mainly iron/some nickel)- inner core- dense, solid- outer core- molten, liquid
Mantle (1,800 miles thick)- located around the core- thick layer of rock- mostly solid
Crust- thin, rocky surface- located below the oceans (5 miles thick)- located below continents (22 miles thick)
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Physical Characteristics(Land, Air, and Water)
page 45
Physical geographers study elements of the earth’s natural environment (spheres)- and look at how they operate and interact with each other and with people- lithosphere- atmosphere- hydrosphere- biosphere
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Physical Characteristics(Land, Air, and Water)
Land- continents (7)- large landmasses in the oceans
Water- 70% of the earth’s surface
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Physical CharacteristicsLandforms
Land covers about 30% of the earth’s surface
Land is made up of four main kinds of Landforms – natural features of the earth’s land surface- Mountains - Plateaus- Hills - Plains
*Each landform is described by:- Elevation – height above sea level- Relief – the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points
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Landforms - Mountains
Mountains are the highest of the world’s landforms
*mountains generally have a high relief
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Landforms - Hills
Hills are lower than mountains*generally, have a low relief
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Landforms - Plateaus
Plateaus are raised areas of flatland (or almost flat)
*most of them have a low relief
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Landforms - Plains
Plains are large areas of flat or rolling land
*they have a low relief
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Physical Processes
Forces that shape landforms- Volcanoes
- forms when magma breaks through earth’s crust
- lava- molten rock located on the surface
- Movements in the Crust- fold- rock layers bend and buckle- faults- breaks in the earth’s crust
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Understanding the Pastpage 46
Plate Tectonic Theory
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Understanding the Pastpage 47
Continental Drift Theory- Alfred Wegener (1900s)
- German scientist- Pangaea-
supercontinent - it began
to break up into separate continents about 180 million years ago
*What evidence was believed to be found to support his theory?
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Understanding the Pastpage 48-49
Plate Movement- convection
When Plates Meet- spreading- subduction- convergence- faulting
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Understanding the Past
Explaining Volcanoes-Ring of Fire- a circle of volcanoes surrounding the Pacific Ocean
- “Hot Spots”- hot regions deep within the earth’s mantle- as molten rock rises towards earth’s surface, the magma may heat underground water and produce hot springs or geysers