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Changing Paradigm in Dealing with Disasters
Indian Experience
P.G.Dhar ChakrabartiExecutive Director
National Institute of Disaster Management
21-02-2007
Disaster profile of IndiaDisasters Vulnerable States
E, F, C, D Gujarat, Maharashtra and West Bengal. (220 ml)
E, F, D Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan, Uttar pradesh and Goa (563 ml)
E, F Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya , Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Mizoram, Assam, Tripura (103 ml)Total 886 million
E-Earthquake, F-Flood, C-Cyclone, D-Drought
Earthquake56% of India are prone to Quake56% of India are prone to Quake
Zone Area Parts of the state
V 12% N.E States, J&K, H.P, Gujarat, Bihar, Uttaranchal, A&N
IV 18% J&K, HP, Uttaranchal, Bihar, Delhi,W. Bengal, Haryana, Punjab, Sikkim, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Lakshdweep
III 26% Punjab, Haryana, Uttaranchal, Bihar, W.Bengal, Gujarat, Rajasthan, M. P, Orissa, A. P, Goa, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra
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Flood• 40 million hectres are
prone to flood• 8 million hectres affected
by flood every year• Brahmaputra and
Gangetic Basin are most flood prone areas
• North-west region of west flowing rivers – Krishna, Cavery and Mahanadi –are other flood prone areas
Cyclone• Long coastline of 8000 kms • Pre-monsoon (May-June)
and post-monsoon (Sept-Oct) cyclones
• Coastal districts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Gujrat most prone to cyclone
• Most casualties caused by coastal inundation due to tidal waves, storm surges and torrential rains
Drought Prone Area (Lakh ha.)
218.
9
152.
1
125.
1
123.
7
121.
2
87.2
84.1
43.3
43
26.7
22.8
16.5
15.9
0
50
100
150
200
250
Raj
asth
an
Kar
nat
aka
A.P
Mah
aras
tra
Guj
arat
M.P
Tam
il N
adu
Bih
ar
U.P
Wes
tB
eng
al
Ori
ssa
Har
yan
a
J&
K
Are
a (L
akh
ha.
)
Drought• 68% of the net area
sown in the country is prone to drought
• Out of this 33% is chronically drought prone, receiving rainfall less than 750mm per annum
• 35% drought prone that receive rainfall between 750-1125 mm per annum
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Pest & Diseases
Thunderstorms
0 2 4 6 8 10
Flood
Earthquake
Drought
Cyclone
Forest fires
Epidemics
Hailstorms
Hurricane
Landslides
Based on last 50 years data.
Severity index of disastersSeverity index of disasters
Average annual loss•• Loss of Loss of human lifehuman life: 4350 : 4350 •• CropCrop area affected: 1.42 millionarea affected: 1.42 million hechec..•• HousesHouses damaged: 2.36 milliondamaged: 2.36 million•• Direct lossDirect loss: 2% of GDP (US$ 15 billion): 2% of GDP (US$ 15 billion)• Revenue loss due to less industrial production: 12%• Expenses on relief & rehab: US$ 1.2 billion• Expenses on reconstruction: US$ 0.8 billion• Indirect psycho-social loss that can not be
quantified
Cyclones (IV-V) -4
Earthquakes (M 6+) -5
Floods - Every year
Droughts - Every 2-3 yrs
Tsunami - 26 Dec 2004
Earthquake, GujaratJan 2001, 13805 lives lost
Tsunami Dec 26 2004, more than 10000 lives lost
Major Disasters 1990 - 2005
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Public policy on disaster• India never had a policy on disaster management• Attitude towards disaster was marked by fatalism –
‘wrath of nature’ or ‘anger of God’• Government intervention limited to provided post
disaster relief and rehabilitation assistance • Disaster management was the concern of Ministry of
Agriculture in Centre and Revenue and Relief Departments in the States
• Civil response system heavy depended on armed and other paramilitary forces
Mega disasters 1993-2004
• Indian Ocean Tsunami 2004: 12405 people dead, 3.5 million houses damaged, 18 million people affected
• Latur Earthquake 1993: 9475 dead, 1 million houses damaged, 8 million people affected
• Orissa Super Cyclone 1999: 10086 dead, 2 million houses damaged, 15 million affected
• Gujrat Earthquake 2001: 13805 dead, 1.8 million houses damaged, 12 million people affected
System exposed….
• No scientific hazard- risk -vulnerability mapping • Inadequate early warning system• Absence of techno-legal regime for safe building • Poor community awareness and preparedness• Environmental degradation precipitating disasters• Development projects creating new disasters• Primitive search and rescue system for disasters• Poor disaster communication system• Inadequate relief management • In short, entire disaster management system was
unprofessional and amateurish
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Opportunities created by mega disasters
LATUR’93
• Earthquake resistant construction technology developed for non-engineered constructions with community participation
• Multi-hazard zoning map of the entire country prepared
• Maharashtra first state to prepare disaster management plans for districts
ORISSA
1999
• Early warning system for cyclone developed
• Network of cyclone shelters constructed
• Livelihood restoration integrated in poverty alleviation program
• High Powered Committee on disaster management set up
• Emergency evacuation plans for communities in coastal areas
GUJRAT
2001
• National Committee on disaster under Prime Minister
• New building standards in seismic zones
• Community based DRM program in 17 States
• Disaster management shifted from Ministry of Agriculture to Home Ministry
• Disaster management introduced in curriculum of school education, engineering, architecture, medicine
• National Institute of Disaster Management set up
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TSUNAMI
2004
• Disaster Management Bill 2005 introduced in Parliament prescribing legal-institutional
framework of disaster management
• National Disaster Management Authority set up
• Tsunami Early Warning system approved for 50 million USD
• Emergency Operation Centre in National, State and District Headquarters
• Nation wide Disaster Communication Plan
Paradigm shift
v RELIEF
v REHABILITATION
v PREVENTION
v PREPAREDNESS
v RESPONSE
v RECOVERY
Disaster management cycle
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Legal framework
• Gujrat Disaster Management Act 2002• Orissa Disaster Management Act 2003• Uttar Pradesh State Disaster
Management Act 2004• Disaster Management Act 2005
Central Government
National Disaster Management Authority
Chairman: PM
State Disaster Management Authority
Chairman: CM
State Government
District Administration
Panchayatss
Municipalities
MHA
District Disaster Management Authority
Co-Chairman: DM/Chairman ZP
DMD
National Executive Committee
State Executive Committee
NIDM NDRF
Institutional Framework
National DM FrameworkDisaster Management
Development Environment
Disaster Risk Assessment ,Reduction and Management
Prevention, Mitigation,Preparedness Response, Reconstruction, Recovery
Structural MeasuresEarly Warning System
Engineering WorksEnvironmental shield
Retrofitting
Non-structural MeasuresEducation AwarenessMock Drill
Training & Capacity Dev.Risk Transfer & Insurance
Search and Rescue Housing
Sustainable Development
Medical Response Infrastructure
Food & Shelter Livelihood
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Early warning systems
Tracking cyclonesTracking cyclones
Flood forecasting centres
15GODAVARI BASIN
114GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA
166 Total
09EASTERN RIVERS
03MAHANANDA BASIN
08KRISHNA BASIN
17WEST FLOWING RIVER
FF CENTRES
RIVER BASIN
Kandla
Mumbai
Machillipattnam
Cochin
Goa
NMPT
Tuticorin
JNPT
Chennai
Paradip
Kolkatta
PipvavMundra
Ennore
Kakinada
Nagappattinam
Kolachal
Kanyakumari
Early Warning System for Indian Ocean Tsunamisfor Indian Ocean Tsunamis
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Emergency Operation Centres
• State-of-the-art Emergency Operation Centresestablished in Ministry of Home Affairs for data, video and audio up-linking with all State, District and remote areas
• EOCs being set up in all State, Union Territory and District headquarters
• India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) -web-enabled, centralised inventory of resources established - www.idrn.gov.in
• Over 80,000 records from 565 districts of 35 States/ Union Territories uploaded.
NATIONAL EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION PLAN
POLNET HUB
-
NATIONAL EOC
MOBILE EOC
NICNET HUB OPTIONAL BACK- UP FOR DEOC CONNECTIVITY
PUBLIC ISDN
NETWORK
DEOC-N
Reserved VSATs
THRO’ POLNET
SEOC-N
DEOC-1
DEOC-2
THRO’POLNET
NQRT-1 VSAT
GMPCS PHONE
GMPCS PHONE
Phase-I (2004-06)
To establish communication links between NEOC and all SEOCs through VSAT / ISDN Connectivity
State Level Communication links:
Basic links :
NEOC <=> SEOC thro’VSAT (POLNET)
Back- up links:
First back-up
NEOC <=> SEOC thro’VSAT (NICNET)
Second back-up
NEOC <=> SEOC thro’ISDN
POLNET HUB
NEOC NIC HUB
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Phase-II District level :
To link all DEOC & Medical teams/hospitals to the
network with various back-up links thro’ ISDN, VSAT
(POLNET/NICNET)
NEOC
POLNET HUB
SEOC
HARYANA STATE
DISTRICT EOC
ISDN LINE
POLNET CONNECTIVITY UPTO DEOCs
District level Communication links:
Basic links :
DEOC <=> SEOC & NEOC thro ’ISDN
Medical Teams <=> Hospitals thro ’VSAT (POLNET)
Back- up links:
First back-up
DEOC<=> SEOC & NEOC thro’VSAT (POLNET)
Second back-up
DEOC<=> SEOC & NEOC–VSAT (NICNET)
Countrywide Incident Alert Network (CIAN)
• Receives communication in one place (EOC server) from different sources
• Create archive of all information received • New message or the message already received
or sent can be forwarded• to one or many addressee at the same time• in any of the forms – email / fax / SMS or
in all the three modes simultaneously
GIS based spatial database
NRSA (Hyderabad)
EOC
Mirror GIS Server
EDUSAT
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National Disaster Response Force• 8 battalions of National Disaster Response Force raised (8
x 1158) - two each from CRPF, CISF, BSF & ITBP• Each battalion to consist of 18 Specialist Response
Teams besides other supporting staff• Each SRT to have 45 persons comprising:
4 Search & Rescue Teams, 1 Medical Support Team, 1 Technical Support Team and 1 Dog Squad
• Each battalion to have 1 Diving and 1 Water Rescue Team • Four of these battalions to specialize on Nuclear Biological
and Chemical (NBC) disasters
Community Based Disaster Risk Management
• India is implementing largest community based Disaster Risk Mitigation program in the world.
• Sponsored by UNDP under a multiple donor supported program it covers nearly 300 million people in 169 multi-hazard districts in 17 States
• Under this program community prepares and implements Village Disaster Management Plan
• VDMP is integrated vertically with District and State Disaster Management Plans and horizontally with sectoral plans.
Commitment of resources• Calamity Relief Funds: Corpus of US$5 billion
during 2005-10 allocated to States as per norms of Finance Commission to meet regular expenses on disaster relief and rehabilitation
• 75% contributed by the centre and 25% by the states• National Calamity Contingency Funds: US$ 1 billion
annually by Centre if CRF not adequate to meet expenses • Special Reconstruction Assistance: Central
government provides special assistance for reconstruction of infrastructure damaged by disasters in specific circumstances
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New funding initiative
• National Disaster Response Fundfor meeting any threatening disaster situation or disaster
• National Disaster Mitigation Fundfor projects exclusively for the purpose of mitigation of disasters
National Institute of National Institute of Disaster ManagementDisaster Management
Core mandate of the NIDM under the Act:• Provide assistance in national level policy
formulation on disaster management. • Formulate and implement comprehensive human
resource development plan on disaster management• Develop training modules and undertake research
and documentation work on disaster management• Mainstream disaster management in education • Network with research and training institutions at
national and international level
Disaster management in school education
• Disaster management as a subject in Social Sciences introduced in school curricula for Class VIII, IX, X and X through CBSE
• Many State Governments adopted the same curriculum as developed by CBSE
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Disaster management in engineering & architecture
• Curriculum on earthquake resistant technology in undergraduate courses on engineering and architecture finalized in consultation with AICTE and CoA
• Introduced in civil engineering and architectural courses throughout the country from the academic year 2006-07
Disaster management in medical education
• Curriculum on emergency health management in MBBS and Nursing courses finalized in consultation with MCI
• These are likely to be introduced in MBBS and Nursing courses throughout the country from the academic year 2007-08
Disaster management in civil services training
• Disaster management introduced in Foundational Courses in all-India and central services
• Training module on disaster management introduced in Professional Courses in NAA, NPA and IFA
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Regional Cooperation
• SAARC Disaster Management Centre set up at the premises of the NIDM
• The Centre to have jurisdiction over eight South Asian countries
• Many new initiatives taken for developing common platform for sharing regional knowledge and experience on disaster management
Challenges• India has developed foundation of a robust disaster
management system• Challenges for the coming years would be to sustain
and further build on the system. Specifically challenges would be: • How DRR is mainstreamed into development• How guidelines and operating procedures are
developed and institutionalized in governance system at all levels
• How risks are mitigated by hazard specific structural and non-structural interventions
Disaster risk mitigation• Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07) had developed
blueprint of a multi-pronged strategy for total risk management, but fell short of allocating plan fund for mitigation
• Ministries have been running a few mitigation projects in a segmented manner
• Working Group on Disaster Management for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-12) advocated allocation on specific mitigation projects
• It s expected DRR would be further mainstreamed and specific mitigation projects on cyclone, earthquake etc shall be taken up in the new Plan
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