Download - Chap7
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Chapter 7. Transmission Media
1. Guided Media
2. Unguided Media: Wireless
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Transmission Medium & Physical Layer
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Classes of Transmission Media
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Twisted-pair Cable
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UTP and STP Cables
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Categories of UTP Cables
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UTP Connector
• RJ45 (RJ stands for registered jack)
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UTP Performance
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Parallel Flat Wire
• Electromagnetic interference can create noise
• The noise over parallel wires results in an uneven load and a damaged signal
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Noise Effect on Twisted-Pair
• Cumulative effect of noise is equal on both sides
• Twisting does not always eliminate the noise, but does significantly reduce it
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Coaxial Cable• Carries signals of higher frequency ranges than those in twisted-pair
cable
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Categories of Coaxial Cables
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BNC Connectors
• Bayone-Neil-Concelman (BNC) connector
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Coaxial Cable Performance
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Optical Fiber
• Optical fiber is made of glass or plastic
• It transmits signals in the form of light
The Nature of Light
• The speed of light – 300,000 Km/sec in a vacuum
– Depends on the density of the medium through which it is traveling
• Other properties of light– Refraction, Critical angle, Reflection
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Bending of Light Ray
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Optical Fiber
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Propagation Modes
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Modes
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Fiber Types
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Fiber Construction
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Fiber-optic Cable Connectors
• SC (subscriber channel) connector used for cable TV. It uses push/pull locking system
• ST (straight-tip) connector used for connecting cable to networking device. It uses a reliable bayonet locking system
• MT-RJ is the same size as RJ45
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Optical Fiber Performance
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Advantages/Disadvantages of Optical Fiber
• Advantages– Higher bandwidth
– Less signal attenuation
– Immunity to electromagnetic interference
– Resistance to corrosive materials
– Light weight
– Greater immunity to tapping
• Disadvantages– Installation and maintenance
– Unidirectional light propagation
– Cost
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Electromagnetic Spectrum for wireless
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Propagation Methods
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Bands
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Wireless Transmission Waves
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Wireless Transmission Waves
• Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as radio and television, and paging systems
• Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks, and wireless LANs
• Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation
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Omnidirectional & Unidirectional Antennas
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Infrared
• Infrared waves with frequencies from 300 GHz to 400 THz for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight propagation
• Having high frequencies, it cannot penetrate walls
• IrDA (Infrared Data Association) for standards
• Example: IrDA port for wireless keyboard– Originally defined a data rate of 75 kbps for a distance up to 8 m
– Recent standard for a data rate of 4 Mbps