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Chapter 1 Chapter 1 The Environmental The Environmental Dilemmas We FaceDilemmas We Face
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A World In CrisisA World In Crisis
How long have humans been on the How long have humans been on the planet?planet?
Humans increasingly impact the Humans increasingly impact the environment: how?environment: how?
We can’t ignore environmental We can’t ignore environmental problems problems
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Human PopulationHuman Population Overpopulation: how many people Overpopulation: how many people
live on Earth?live on Earth? About 43% of humans live About 43% of humans live
in extreme poverty in extreme poverty How big will our How big will our
population get?population get? How big can our How big can our
population get?population get? Consumption & economic Consumption & economic
growthgrowth
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Rich & PoorRich & Poor Highly developed countries: ≈ 20% Highly developed countries: ≈ 20%
of world’s populationof world’s population Poor countriesPoor countries
Moderately developedModerately developed Less developed (LDCs)Less developed (LDCs)
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Characteristics of LDCsCharacteristics of LDCs Cheap, unskilled laborCheap, unskilled labor Economy agriculturally basedEconomy agriculturally based Hunger, disease, illiteracy commonHunger, disease, illiteracy common
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Rich vs. PoorRich vs. Poor Developing countriesDeveloping countries
Rapid population growth is Rapid population growth is overwhelmingoverwhelming
Natural resource depletionNatural resource depletion Developed countriesDeveloped countries
Slower population Slower population growthgrowth
Higher rate of Higher rate of consumptionconsumption
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Types of ResourcesTypes of Resources NonrenewableNonrenewable
Limited supplyLimited supply Once they’re gone, they’re goneOnce they’re gone, they’re gone Examples?Examples?
RenewableRenewable Virtually unlimitedVirtually unlimited Replenished over relatively short periodsReplenished over relatively short periods Examples?Examples? Easy to overexploit ---> nonrenewableEasy to overexploit ---> nonrenewable
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Population & ResourcesPopulation & Resources
Economic growth tied to exploiting Economic growth tied to exploiting natural resourcesnatural resources
Developed countries have utilized Developed countries have utilized many of their resourcesmany of their resources
Use of natural Use of natural resources tied to resources tied to povertypoverty
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Population & ConsumptionPopulation & Consumption People overpopulationPeople overpopulation
Environment getting worseEnvironment getting worse Too many peopleToo many people
Consumption overpopulationConsumption overpopulation Environment getting worseEnvironment getting worse Use Use farfar more than necessary: why? more than necessary: why?
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Too Much Stuff!Too Much Stuff! Highly developed countriesHighly developed countries 20% world’s population consume:20% world’s population consume:
86% aluminum86% aluminum 76% harvested timber76% harvested timber 68% energy68% energy 61% meat eaten61% meat eaten 42% fresh water42% fresh water
Developing countries are starting to Developing countries are starting to consume more: why?consume more: why?
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Ecological FootprintsEcological Footprints Productive land and ocean needed to Productive land and ocean needed to
supply person with her/his needssupply person with her/his needs What if we all had the same What if we all had the same
footprint?footprint?
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Population, Consumption, & Population, Consumption, & Environmental ImpactEnvironmental Impact
I = P x A x TI = P x A x T I: Environmental impactI: Environmental impact P: PopulationP: Population A: Affluence per personA: Affluence per person T: Technology usedT: Technology used Interpret results with care!Interpret results with care! Ultimate goal: make consumption Ultimate goal: make consumption
sustanblesustanble
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Environmental SustainabilityEnvironmental Sustainability
Sustainability: environment will function Sustainability: environment will function indefinitelyindefinitely
Based on:Based on: Effects of our actions on the Effects of our actions on the
environmentenvironment Earth’s resources are finiteEarth’s resources are finite Understanding impact of consumptionUnderstanding impact of consumption Shared responsibilityShared responsibility
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Does This Sound Does This Sound Sustainable?Sustainable?
Nonrenewable resources being Nonrenewable resources being rapidly depletedrapidly depleted
Many renewable resources being Many renewable resources being used in a nonrenewable wayused in a nonrenewable way
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Does This Sound Does This Sound Sustainable?Sustainable?
Environment is being pollutedEnvironment is being polluted Human population is increasingHuman population is increasing
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What is Environmental What is Environmental Science?Science?
InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary Broad fieldBroad field Ecology is a basic toolEcology is a basic tool GoalsGoals
Establish general principles about how Establish general principles about how the natural world functionsthe natural world functions
Identifying, understanding, Identifying, understanding, andand solvingsolving problems problems
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What is Science?What is Science?
Not just a body of knowledgeNot just a body of knowledge Dynamic processDynamic process Requires collection of dataRequires collection of data An ongoing enterpriseAn ongoing enterprise Requires reevaluationRequires reevaluation
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The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Used to answer questionsUsed to answer questions Five stepsFive steps
1)1) Ask questionAsk question
2)2) Develop a hypothesisDevelop a hypothesis
3)3) ExperimentExperiment
4)4) Interpret data ---> Interpret data ---> conclusionconclusion
5)5) Share findingsShare findings
• Does not need to be Does not need to be done in order! done in order!
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The Process of ScienceThe Process of Science A good hypothesis makes a predictionA good hypothesis makes a prediction ExperimentExperiment
Variable: factor that influences a Variable: factor that influences a processprocess
Control group: variable isn’t alteredControl group: variable isn’t altered TheoryTheory
Integrated explanation of numerous Integrated explanation of numerous hypotheseshypotheses
Solid ground of scienceSolid ground of science Accepted as trueAccepted as true
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Handling Environmental Handling Environmental ProblemsProblems
Five stages:Five stages:
1)1) Scientific Scientific assessmentassessment
2)2) Risk analysisRisk analysis
3)3) Public education & Public education & involvement involvement
4)4) Political actionPolitical action
5)5) EvaluationEvaluation
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Handling Environmental Handling Environmental ProblemsProblems
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NIMBY & NIMTOONIMBY & NIMTOO
Not in my backyardNot in my backyard Not in my term of Not in my term of
officeoffice What situations cause What situations cause
people to say these?people to say these? How practical are How practical are
these?these?
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Case Study: Tropical Rain Case Study: Tropical Rain Forests vs. AgricultureForests vs. Agriculture
Many developing countries clear rain Many developing countries clear rain forest for agricultural landforest for agricultural land
Environmental consequences?Environmental consequences? Reduces long-term potential for local Reduces long-term potential for local
people: how?people: how? What are some potential What are some potential
benefits from a benefits from a standing rain forest?standing rain forest?