Download - Chapter 1-The Science of Life The Biosphere
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Chapter 1-The Science of Life The Biosphere
8 km above sea level and 11 km below sea level
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What is biology?
The study of life (living and once living organisms).
Biologists can study on many different levels, from very broad to very specific.
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Characteristics of Life
• Growth• Development. • Reproduction-Asexual & Sexual.• Obtain & use a source of Energy.• Adaptations – traits that aid in survival (over generations)• Respond to environment
Homeostasis-maintain a “steady state”.• Organized-All living things are composed of a single cell
or cells.
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• Metabolism- the sum of all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism to carry out life functions.
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Homeostasis- maintaining an internal balance regardless of
the external conditions.
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biosphere = everywhere life exists
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Biosphere
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Biome
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Ecosystem
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Community
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Population
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Organism
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Organ System
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Organ
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Tissue
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Cell
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Biologist even study smaller than cells….
They study what makes up those cells which are molecules and
atoms.
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Ecology
• Study of organisms and their interactions with each other and their environment
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Why is food necessary?
ENERGY!!!
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• Troph stands for _________________
• ______________ stands for own
• ______________ stands for different
__ENERGY_______
__AUTO______
__HETERO______
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Some organisms produce their own food-
Other organisms need to consume food-
PRODUCERS / AUTOTROPHS
CONSUMERS/HETEROTROPHS
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Starts with the autotrophs (producers)• organisms that convert energy from the
sun or chemicals to produce food
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Photosynthesis
• Energy from sunlight is used to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen
Carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen
Sun’s
energy
Plants, Algae, Seaweeds, Cyanobacteria
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There is also another method to produce food called
chemosynthesis
Instead of using sunlight, these bacteria use __________ to produce their own food.chemicals
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How does energy flow through an ecosystem?
Next energy goes to the Heterotrophs (consumers)
• Herbivores – eat plants• Carnivores – eat animals• Omnivores – eat both
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Heterotrophs (cont.)
• Decomposers – break down organic matter and returns it to biosphere (bacteria and fungus)
Essential to every ecosystem!!!
NOTE- FUNGI (EXAMPLE- MUSHROOMS) ARE NOT PRODUCERS!!!!!
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AGAIN, MUSHROOMS ARE NOT PLANTS!!!!!
Plants MAKE their own food. Fungi DO NOT MAKE their own food
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Cellular Respiration
• Glucose, produced by producers is converted into a usable form of energy
• Producers & Consumers perform this process!
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Food Chains
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy in the form of food from producers
through a series of consumers
Trophic Levels
Each step in the food chain.
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1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Trophic Levels
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Food Webs
Link all of the food chains in an ecosystem into a complex network of energy transfers.
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What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level?
Amount of energy passed on to the next
level.
Lost Energy
Lost Energy
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What occurs as energy is passed to each trophic level?
When an organism is consumed only a small amount of the initial energy can be passed on to the next organism. Most of the energy was used up in life processes (ex. growing and reproducing). This is why there are larger #s of organisms at the bottom/base of food chain and smaller #s towards the top/end.
NOTE: Matter/Nutrients are cycledEnergy is used and lost.
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Rule of 10• Only 10% of the energy available to an
ecosystem is passed on to the next trophic level.
Energy Pyramid
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=
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Food/Energy Pyramids
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Food web worksheet
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Alike but Different
• All organisms share several characteristics
• Yet, Life is amazingly diverse-2 million sp.• Evolution is the change in organisms over
time, traits suited to their environment.• These traits which developaccording to an organisms DNAare called adaptations.
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Levels of Organizationsmallest unit of living thingsgroup of similar cells organized to work together
group of different kinds of tissues working together
group of organs working together
one individual living thingall organisms of the same kind living in one area
all interacting populations in an ecosystem
all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area
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Levels of Organizationsmallest unit of living thingsgroup of similar cells organized to work together
group of different kinds of tissues working together
group of organs working together
one individual living thingall organisms of the same kind living in one area
all interacting populations in an ecosystem
all living (biotic) and nonliving things (abiotic) interacting within a certain area
cell
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Abiotic or Biotic?1.
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Abiotic or Biotic?2.
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Abiotic or Biotic?3.
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Abiotic or Biotic?4.
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Abiotic or Biotic?5.
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Abiotic or Biotic?6.
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Abiotic or Biotic?7.
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Abiotic or Biotic?8.
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Abiotic or Biotic?
9.
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Abiotic or Biotic?10.
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Ecosystem
includes all abiotic and biotic factors in one particular environment
Biotic Factors
the living parts of an ecosystem
Abiotic Factors
the nonliving parts of an ecosystem
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Biotic FactorsBio
Bio means life
include plants, animals, fungi, microorganisms
biologybiostatisticsbiographybiotechnologybiospherebiomechanicsbioticbiofeedback
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Examples of Biotic Factors
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Abiotic Factors
include air, water, soil, temperature, wind, source of energy (usually sun)
A
a, an - not, without
atoxicamoralabioticatypical
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Examples of Abiotic Factors
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Community Interactions
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There are four main types of relationships amongst organisms
• Predator-Prey: one organism eats the other3 Types of Symbiotic Relationships (a close association of two organisms of 2 diff organisms)• Mutualism
– Both species benefit from the relationship (+,+)• Commensalism
– One species benefits, the other gets nothing (+,0)• Parasitism
– One species benefits, the other is harmed (+,-)
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Predator-Prey
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Uh-oh
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MutualismMutualism both species benefit from the relationship
Anemone fish in anemone
Plovers on crocodiles
Remora on shark
Birds and insects pollinating flowers
Ants tending aphids
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CommensalismCommensalism One species benefits, the other gets no benefit nor harm
Barnacles on whales
Orchids in trees
Egrets on buffalo
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ParasitismParasitism one organism lives on or inside of another for its nutrients
Louse
Ascaris roundworm
Loa loa roundworm
Taenia saginata tapeworm Wuchereria bancrofti and Elephantitis
Fleas
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Levels of Organization