Download - Chapter 11 Inheritance & Heredity
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Chapter 11 Inheritance & Heredity
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When is a recessive trait expressed?
• When an individual is homozygous recessive for that particular trait
When someone is heterozygous for a trait, they are considered a…carrier
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Recessive Genetic Disorders:
• 1. Cystic Fibrosis-1 in 3500-the gene that codes for a specific protein is defective-produces excess mucus-digestive/respiratory problems
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2. Albinism:
-1 in 17,000-genes do not produce normal amounts of melanin pigment-skin UV susceptible-lack of color in skin/hair/eyes
http://www.knowlton-family.co.uk/Albinism/Photo.htm
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3. Galactosemia:
-1 in 50,000-absence of gene that codes for enzyme that breaks down galactose-mental disabilities-liver/kidney problems
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4. Tay-Sachs Disease-1 in 2500-absence of enzyme that breaks down fatty substances-mental disabilities/build up in brain-lipids build up in central nervous system-death usually by age 5
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If a disorder is considered to be a dominant genetic
disorder, how many affected alleles do you
have? •1 or 2
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Dominant Genetic Disorders:
1. Huntington’s Disease-1 in 10,000-gene affecting neurological function is defective-onset usually in the 40’s-ability to move deteriorates
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2. Achondroplasia
-1 in 25,000-gene that affects bone growth is abnormal-short arms/legs-large head
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What is a pedigree?
• A diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait through several generations
• May or May not show carriers…be careful!– If someone is a carrier, their
genotype must be heterozygous
Common symbols: see board
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11.2 Complex Patterns
Mendelian Inheritance: follows typical dominant/recessive rules
Non-Mendelian Inheritance: does NOT follow typical rules
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Types of Non-Mendelian Inheritance
A. When traits are inherited in this pattern, the phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygotes. What is this pattern called?
Incomplete DominanceExample: Red x white = pink
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Incomplete Dominance
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B. What is codominance?:results in both phenotypes being expressed
Example: black x white = black/white spotted
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Codominance
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How is sickle-cell anemia passed? Heterozygous: lead normal life; may
have a FEW symptoms Homozygous for trait: have full-blown
sickle cell…health issues result because the blood does not transport adequate oxygen.
How are sickle-cell anemia & malaria related to each other?Those that are heterozygous for the sickle-cell trait have a HIGHER resistance to malaria
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C. What are ‘traits controlled by more than 2 alleles’ called?
Multiple alleles
Explain how blood types are passed on:ABO blood groups:
IA = type AIB = type Bi = type O
IA & IB are codominant/ i is recessive
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Multiple Alleles
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What is epistasis?The effect where one
allele hides behind the effects of another allele.
Example: Dog fur*E determines dark pigmentee will have no pigment*B determines how dark
EEbb or Eebb = chocolate browneebb, eeBb, eeBB = yellow coat
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How is it determined if something is going to be male or female?
XX vs. XY
What is an autosome? 1st 22 pairs of chromosomes-another name for body cells
What are Barr bodies?-located in nucleus-inactivated chromosomes
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D. What are sex-linked traits?:traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes (23rd pair)
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What gender can get a X-linked trait?Males AND Females.-males are more likely because they only need one affected X to get it, instead of females, which need 2
What gender can get a Y-linked trait?Only males…females do not have Y
Red-green color blindness & hemophilia are both X-linked
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E. What is ‘the inheritance pattern of a trait that is controlled by two or more genes’?
Polygenic Inheritance
Name a human trait that is passed through polygenic inheritance:
skin color, hair color, height
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Polygenic Inheritance
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Give at least 5 examples of external environmental
influences:
1. Sunlight2. Temperature3. Diet4. Exercise5. Water
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11.3 What is a karyotype?
A micrograph that shows the pairs of homologous chromosomes-arranged in decreasing size
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How many pairs are in a karyotype?
23 pairsHow many of those pairs are autosomes? 22
How many of those pairs are sex chromosomes? 1
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What is nondisjunction?
Condition where sister chromatids fail to separate properly
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What do you call it when you have one of a particular type of chromosome?
monosomyWhat do you call it when you have three chromosomes of one kind?
trisomy
Down Syndrome is an example of nondisjunction. What is the scientific name for the most common form down syndrome?
Trisomy 21
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Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
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Other disorders…
Turner’s Syndrome-XO
-female with only one X
-can cause infertility, masculinity symptoms, etc.
Kleinfelter’s Syndrome
-XXY or XXXY, etc.
-male with too many X’s
-Can cause infertily, feminine symptoms