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Chapter 11
Rome
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The Foundation of Rome• Creation myth of Romulus and Remus• Later tried to link Rome with Greece• Reality
– Founded c. 2000 BCE– Indo-European settlers– Settled, dev. ag, tribal organization, bronze (1800
BCE), iron (900 BCE)• Controlled by the Etruscans 700-509 BCE
– Dev. thriving civilization throughout Italy– Greatly influenced Romans (monarchy, paved streets,
arch, public works, walls, temples)– Began to decline late 500’s
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Establishment of the Roman Republic
• 509 BCE overthrew Etruscan king• Replaced with republic controlled by Patrician class
– Senate– Two Consuls
• Lower class (Plebians) originally lacked representation– Later could elect tribunes who held veto power– Class tension remained part of Roman saga– Gained greater power over time
• Dictators – could be appointed for six month terms in times of crisis
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Roman Expansion• By the 4th century BCE – Rome was a strong
regional state• Began conquering Med. World• Punic Wars
– Competition between Carthage and Rome (commerce)
– Series of wars between 264-146 BCE– Rome destroyed Carthage
• Gained Hellenistic kingdoms and conquered Persia
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From Republic to Empire• Increasing wealth gap• Latifundia
– Increasing use of slave labor– Small farmers could not compete– Increased unemployment– Increased class tension/strain
• The Gracchi Brothers – Wanted land distribution, limits on size – Both were assassinated
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Imperial Expansion
• Original government of Rome was not suitable for a larger empire
• Civil war – 87 BCE
– Sulla came to power – conservative, brutal five year reign, died in 79 BCE
– Problems unsolved, nothing done for the poor
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Caesar• Supported a more liberal gov’t & reforms• Conquered Gaul (France) • 49 BCE marched on Rome• 47 BCE – proclaimed himself dictator for life
– Recentralized Roman military and gov’t– Large public works program – Land reform – Extended citizenship
• 44 BCE – assassinated in the Senate• 13 years of civil war
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Augustus • Octavian – Caesar’s nephew and heir • By 27 BCE – took power and title of
Augustus • 45 year reign – thoroughly est Roman gov’t
– Preserved the old Roman gov’t – Centralized military and gov’t – Began Pax Romana – Wars of expansion
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Pax Romana
• 250 years of relative peace and prosperity • Problems with poverty covered up with
“Bread and Circus” program • Development of roads, increased cultural
diffusion • Development of Roman law increased
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Economy & Society • Large scale commercial agriculture, focus on cash
crops for export • Manufacturing • Extensive long distance trade • Rome
– Most wealth went to Rome– Cosmopolitan – Roman baths, sewage systems, racetracks,
stadiums
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• Remained patriarchal, but overtime women gained greater power
• Slavery – By 100 CE – 1/3 of Roman population
were slaves – Huge numbers of slaves on rural estates,
brutal conditions – 73 BCE – Spartacus led 70,000 escaped
slaves in a revolt – Urban slaves tended to fare much better