Download - Chapter 13
![Page 1: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 13Genetic Engineering
![Page 2: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Selective BreedingWhere did all the breeds of dogs come
from?◦Humans bred dogs to have certain
traits, breeding dogs that had the best versions
◦Selective breeding only allows the traits we want to be passed down to the next generation
Hybridization is crossing different organisms with two different desirable traits◦Disease resistance plant crossed
with food-producing capacity plant
![Page 3: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Dog Breeds
![Page 4: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Selective BreedingInbreeding is the continued breeding
of organisms with similar characteristics◦Maintains desired characteristics◦Only allowing a dog to mate with
another of its own breed◦Can increase the likelihood of
genetic defect/disease
![Page 5: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Increasing VariationBreeders can increase variation by
inducing mutations, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability◦Mutations are inheritable changes in DNA◦Occur spontaneously or increase chance
through chemicals and radiation◦Most are harmful, a few can be desirable
Most useful in bacteriaUsed to create polyploidy (extra
chromosomes) in plants, which is less harmful to plants
![Page 6: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Manipulating DNAGenetic engineering is making
changes in the DNA code of a living organism◦Remove the code◦Read the code◦Change the code◦Replace the code in the organism
![Page 7: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Manipulating DNARemoving the code: extraction; DNA is
separated from the other parts of the cell◦Extraction of DNA is done by
rupturing the cells and adding a precipitating reagent such as ethanol, then DNA can be spooled onto a glass rod or sucked out with a pipette.
Cutting DNA into pieces is done with restriction enzymes; each one cuts DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides.
![Page 8: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Manipulating DNASeparating DNA can be achieved by
using gel electrophoresis◦The cut DNA is put into the well at one
end (negative end – black) of the gel. DNA molecules are negatively charged and will travel to the positive end when current is applied
◦Smaller fragments travel faster; separates DNA fragments based on size
◦Used to create a genetic “fingerprint” or help isolate a gene
![Page 9: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Gel Electrophoresis
![Page 10: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Manipulating DNAReading the DNA occurs by tagging
some bases while copying the DNA, the colored tags help determine the order of bases
Polymerase chain reaction makes copies of a particular gene
![Page 11: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cell transformationTransformation is the process of a cell
taking outside DNA and incorporating it into its own◦Transgenic organisms are organisms
with foreign DNA◦E.coli is used daily as a transgenic
organism to produce human drugs, ex. human insulin and TPA (clot buster for heart attacks)
◦Bacteria make great transgenic organisms because they have a tiny circular DNA, called a plasmid
![Page 12: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bacterial Transformation
![Page 13: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell TransformationForeign DNA is joined to the plasmid,
plasmid DNA ensure that the sequence will be replicated◦Plasmid also has a label (genetic
marker) so can distinguish if it has the gen
Transforming plant cells involve using a bacteria that inserts a small DNA plasmid into the plant (normally causing tumors)◦Scientists inactivate the tumor gene,
and use the bacteria to deliver the gene of interest
![Page 14: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Transgenic OrganismsPlants are important transgenic organisms.
In the year 2000, 52% of soybeans, and 25% of corn grown in the US were transgenic (or genetically modified); most were modified for pesticide resistance
Animals also being used, like the cow that makes milk with a human protein◦Modify mice to have immune systems to
act like humans◦Animals the produce more growth
hormone so they grow faster
![Page 15: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Transgenic Cowshttp://
www.livescience.com/14538-cows-humanized-milk-safe.html
![Page 16: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Manipulating DNACloning – making a genetically
identical organism from a single cell. In 1997, Ian Wilmut cloned, the now deceased, Dolly from the mammary cell of a sheep
Gene therapy – using genes to treat diseases, such as cystic fibrosis
Genetically modified organisms (food) – altered so less pesticides are needed
![Page 17: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Dolly and Bonnie
![Page 18: Chapter 13](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062410/568161e6550346895dd20bf0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stem CellsStem cells are unspecialized cells (not
differentiated)◦All body cells have all the DNA, but
only use the genes to make the proteins needed for that cell type once it becomes specialized
◦Types: embryonic, amniotic, adult