Download - Chapter 16 Lecture © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Addiction and Substance Abuse

Chapter 16 Lecture

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Addiction andSubstanceAbuse


Learning Objectives

• Define substance abuse and addiction• Outline the acute effects of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine on the

body• List several guidelines that can be used to maintain control over

alcohol use• Outline the behavioral and physiological effects of alcohol as a

function of the level of alcohol in the blood• Discuss the long-term health consequences of alcohol, marijuana,

and cocaine use• Describe the addictive properties of tobacco and the impact of

prolonged tobacco use on health• Describe the acute effects of caffeine on the body• Outline products that contain caffeine and list the pros and cons of

caffeine use• Identify ways to reduce your risk of drug use


What Is Addiction?

• Habitual psychological/physical dependence on substance/practice beyond voluntary control

• Associated with the traits of– Reinforcement leading to craving– Loss of control– Escalation– Negative outcomes– Denial


What Is Addiction? (cont.)

• Addiction can involve a substance and/or behavior– Substances: drugs, alcohol, tobacco– Behaviors: gambling, Internet usage,

pornography, sex, gaming, eating, shoplifting, or exercising

• Addiction can be physical and/or psychological– Chemical dependence– Withdrawal symptoms– Tolerance


Causes of Addiction

Numerous Potential Causes• Types of drug used• Genetics• Brain chemistry• Psychological makeup• Social factors• Personality characteristics• Heredity


Substance Abuse

Substance Abuse• Use of illegal or inappropriate use of legal drugs to

produce pleasure, to alleviate stress, or to alter/avoid reality

• Drug use interferes with other areas of one's life, such as grades, work, relationships, or legal issues

Commonly Abused Substances• Alcohol• Illicit drugs, including

– marijuana, cocaine, heroin– hallucinogens– inhalants – tranquilizers– stimulants– sedatives


Psychoactive Drugs

• User experiences altered state of consciousness• Examples

– Marijuana (stimulant)– Cocaine (powerful stimulant)– "Club drugs" – Ecstasy, LSD, GHB,

methamphetamine (addictive stimulant)– Prescription drugs – OxyContin– Over-the-counter drugs—cough suppressants

and expectorants


Health Effects of Psychoactive Drugs

• Long-term marijuana use– Psychological dependence/lung damage

• Long-term cocaine use– Cardiovascular effects, respiratory effects,

neurological effects, GI problems• Long-term methamphetamine use

– Paranoia, aggressiveness, extreme anorexia, memory loss, hallucinations, delusions, and dental problems

• Drug use/abuse by pregnant women = serious health effects on developing fetus


Alcohol

• Most widely used recreational drug in United States and most popular on college campuses

• 63% of college students use alcohol and 31% abuse it

• Central nervous system depressant– Impaired vision, slowed reaction time,

impaired motor coordination• Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) determines

extent of central nervous system depression • BAC determined by amount of alcohol

consumed, and rate alcohol metabolized by body


BAC Chart


Ethyl alcohol is the psychoactive ingredient in all alcoholic beverages. A standard drink is defined as a 12-ounce beer, a 1.5-ounce cocktail drink, or a 5-ounce glass of wine. Each of these contains approximately 0.6 ounce of ethyl alcohol.

Standard Alcoholic Drink Sizes


Alcohol Abuse/Addiction

Alcohol Abuse• Four criteria of abuse

– Alcohol use in hazardous situations– Alcohol-related school problems– Recurrent interpersonal problems– Recurrent legal problems

Alcohol Addiction (alcoholism)• Alcohol dependence• Involves craving alcohol/not being able to

control impulse to drink• Binge drinking


Effects of Alcohol Abuse

• Liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis) = liver failure/death• Damage to central nervous system = brain

damage• Increased risk for cancers of the esophagus,

pancreas, stomach, mouth, tongue, and liver• During pregnancy can cause fetal alcohol

syndrome/other birth defects• Physical, behavioral, and learning problems

See Lab 16.1: Alcohol Abuse Inventory


Tobacco

• Contains nicotine: most heavily used addictive drug in United States

• Cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and pipe tobacco• Nicotine addiction

– Provides immediate "psychological kick"– Causes withdrawal symptoms

• Secondhand smoke contains toxic chemicalsHealth Effects of Tobacco Use

• Tobacco smoking: leading cause of death in United States, accounting for one in five deaths per year

• Increases cancer risk: lung, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and kidney

• Woman smokers: likely to lose baby during pregnancy and/or to have low birth weight babies

See Lab 16.2: Tobacco Usage Inventory


Caffeine

• Substance in coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate, and certain medications

• Stimulates central nervous system (CNS) within 15 minutes

• Moderate doses (2–4 cups of coffee) increases alertness/provide an energy boost

• Large doses = restlessness and irritability– insomnia, headaches, and abnormal heart

rhythms• Creates psychological dependence• Withdrawal symptoms = headache, muscle pain,

and fatigue


Anabolic Steroids

• Synthetic male sex hormones (e.g. testosterone)• Available by prescription (tablet or ointment)• Health Effects

– Psychological effects: aggressiveness, uncontrolled bouts of anger ("roid rage"), depression

– Liver cysts and cancer– Increased blood cholesterol, increased blood clotting– Hypertension, reduced sperm count, testicular

shrinkage, impotence– Irreversible breast enlargement in men, and

development of masculine characteristics in women


Drug Abuse Avoidance Strategies

• Find productive ways to increase self-esteem• Learn and practice stress-coping techniques• Develop varied interests• Practice assertiveness


Summary

• Alcohol, nicotine (tobacco products), marijuana, and cocaine are the most widely used and abused drugs in the United States

• Alcohol is the single most common recreational drug used in the United States

• Use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine increases your risk of accidents, and prolonged use may result in psychological dependence, physical addiction, and damaged health


Summary (cont.)

• Tobacco use can lead to an addiction to nicotine and prolonged use leads to increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and cancer

• Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant found in common foods and beverages. It is currently unclear whether chronic consumption is a significant health risk

• Long-term use of anabolic steroids can cause psychological and physiological side effects

• Decrease your risk of abusing drugs by increasing your self-esteem, learning how to cope with stress, developing numerous interests, and practicing assertiveness

Download - Chapter 16 Lecture © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Addiction and Substance Abuse

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