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Chapter 18: Conquest and Survival – The
Trans-Mississippi West1860-1900
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American Communities:Oklahoma Land Rush
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18.1: Indian People Under Siege
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A. Growth of the West1. Gold rush 1848
2. Homestead Act 1862
3. Alaska Terr. 1867
4. TRR 1869
5. Trouble w/Natives
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A. Growth of the West6. Indian Removal Act – 1830
a.Removal of Natives by force if needed/Pres. AJ
b.Trail of Tears after Cherokee Nation v. Ga. 1831
7.“No Mans Land”
8.Leads to “Land Rush” and “Sooners”
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“Land Rush” & “Sooners”
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Dugouts
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Soddies
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Bury My Heart At Wounded Knee
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C. Assimilation of the Native American
1. Farming
2. Christianity
3. English
4. Education
“Friends of the Indians”
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Importance of the Buffalo
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D. Settlers and the Buffalo
1. Killed a. by hunters for heads,
hides, bones, and fur
b. for sport
c. by RR co.
2. Helped gov’t push Natives onto reservations
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E. Massacre at Sand Creek, Co 1864 1. Natives told to make camp at
Sand Creek to make peace deal.
2. Col. Chivingtona. >100 Cheyenne killed while
sleeping; bodies mutilatedb. Body parts kept as souvenirs
3. Later discredited by Congress
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F. Treaty of Laramie (1868)
1. Ended Great Sioux War of 1865-1867
2. Lands in the Black Hills, SD, Wy, and Mt.
3. Deposits of gold discovered, which leads to …
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G. Battle at Little Bighorn, Mt.(aka Greasy Grass ) (1876)
1. 7th Calvary sent to take lands of Black Hills – found gold
2. Custer and men overtaken and killed by Crazy Horse
3. Public outcry = forcing more onto reservations
4. Same situation with the Nez Perce in the NW Pacific
“Custer’s Last Stand”
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18.7: Transformation of Indian Society
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A. Helen Hunt Jackson (1881)
1. Exposes injustices of the NA by the USgov’t
2. Supporter of assimilationa. Indian Rights Assoc
b. Women’s nat’l Indian Assoc
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B. Dawes Severalty Act (1887)
1. To “Americanize” NA by teaching them that owning land and farming was “right”
2. Reservation lands distributed to head of household; 160 acres; individuality not communal
3. Lands left over sold to settlers
4. NA lost >2/3rd of their lands
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C. Ghost Dance: prohibited by government1. Return of the buffalo
2. Restorations of their lands
3. Make the white man disappear
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D. Battle of Wounded Knee @ Pine Ridge Reservation (1890)
1. Started with the arrest and killing of Sitting Bull
2. A few days later, 7th Calvary rounded up ghost dancers and took them to Wounded Knee Camp
3. >200 unarmed NA killed and left to freeze
4. Payback for Battle of Little Bighorn
5. Brought Indian wars to an end
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18.2: Internal Empire
Mining, Mormons, and Mexicans
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A. Miners “Striking it Rich!”Mining for Gold and Silver
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1. Pros and Cons of Mining
a. Pros
i.Railroads increased
ii.Statehood increased
iii.Cities developed and “Boomed”- economy grew rapidly
b. Cons
i. Increased crime
ii. Destruction of land
iii. “ghost towns”
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2. Real Winners?a. Mine owners - able to invest capital in industries that supported the miners
i. Equip and technology
ii. RR
iii. Timber
iv. hydroelectricity
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
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Hazards of Mining
The Western Federation of Miners on parade, passing the Southern Hotel in Rhyolite, February 17, 1907.
(Nevada Historical Society)
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Miners & Workers
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From Boom Towns to Ghost Towns
•
http://cprr.org/Museum/Hydraulic_Mining/
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Realities of “Helldorados”
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B. Mormons Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
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C. Mexican-Americans
1. Economically and socially tied to land and country
2. Very few prospered
3. Formed political party
4. Poor political conditions in Mex = migration
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18.3: The Open Range
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Cowboys & Cattle
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Long Drives
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A. Life as a Cowboy
1. Hard: Saloons, violence, guns, and prostitutes
2. Range wars = fences; problematic for grazing
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B. Collapse of Cattle Industry
barb wire overgrazing
overstocking
extreme weather
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18.4: Farming Communities on the Plains
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A. The Great Plains
1. Why move to the Great Plains?
(future home of the Dust Bowl!)
a. Homestead Act
b. Advertising
c. RR/towns
d. Farming technology
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B. Homestead Act of 1862
1. 160 acres2. 5 yrs cultivation (grow crops)3. Land for farming was bad4. Option of purchasing it at $1.25 acre after 6 months
(residency requirement)
5. Only 10% of farmers received their lands from the act. Why so little?
- Better lands closer to transportation and town/mkts
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18.5: The World’s Breadbasket
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A. Farming and Technology
McCormick’s reaper
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A. Farming and Technology
1. Efficiency = increase trade
2. Dependent on:
a. Technology
b. Nature
c. Shipping and RR
d. Global markets