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Chapter 1(a)
Chemical Chemical FoundationsFoundations
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Figure 1.01a: The surface of a single grain of table salt.
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Figure 1.01b: An oxygen atom on a gallium arsenide surface.
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Figure 1.01c: Scanning tunneling microscope image showing rows of ring-shaped clusters of benzene molecules on a rhodium surface.
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Figure 1.2: A charged mercury atom shows up as a tiny white dot.
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Figure 1.3: Sand on a beach looks uniform from a distance, but up close the irregular
sand grains are visible.
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Igniting soap bubbles filled with a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen.
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Figure 1.4: The fundamental steps of the scientific method.
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Figure 1.5: The various parts of the scientific method.
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Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 1a–10
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Figure 1.6: Measurement of volume
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Figure 1.7: Common types of laboratory equipment used to measure liquid volume.
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Figure 1.8: An electronic analytical balance.
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Figure 1.9: Measurement of volume using a buret. The volume is read at the bottom of the liquid curve (called the meniscus).
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Figure 1.10: The results of several dart throws show the difference between precise and accurate.
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Caffeine, which occurs in such items as tea, coffee, and cola nuts, is a respiratory and cardiac stimulant.
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Rules for Counting Significant Figures.
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Figure 1.11: The three major temperature scales.
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Figure 1.12: Normal body temperature on the Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales.
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Liquid nitrogen is so cold that water condenses out of the surrounding air, forming a cloud as the nitrogen is poured.
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Figure 1.13: The three states of water (where red spheres represent oxygen atoms and blue spheres
represent hydrogen atoms).
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Figure 1.14: Simple laboratory distillation apparatus.
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Figure 1.15a: Paper chromatography of ink. (a) A line of the mixture to be separated is placed at one end of a sheet of porous paper.
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Figure 1.15b: Paper chromatography of ink. (b) The paper acts as a wick to draw up the liquid.
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Figure 1.15c: Paper chromatography of ink. (c) The component with the weakest attraction for the paper travels faster than the components that cling to the paper.
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The element mercury (top left) combines with the element iodine (top right) to form the compound mercuric iodide (bottom). This is an example of a
chemical change.
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Figure 1.16: The organization of matter.