Chapter 2Syndromes, Developmental Disabilities, and Motor and Sensory Impairments that Affect Language and Speech
Objectives
• Identify the primary characteristics of a variety of disorders associated with pediatric language deficits
• Differentiate between sequence and a syndrome
• Differentiate between the descriptive terms genetic, chromosomal, and heredity
• Describe the effects of hearing loss on a child’s development of form, content, and use of language, then discuss the impact of cochlear implantation on language and speech
• Discuss the impact of prematurity on cognition and language development
• Discuss the effects of alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs on speech, language, and cognitive development
ASHA Definition of “Language Disorder”
• Impaired _______________, ______ and/or other ___________. The disorder may involve (1) the form of language (phonology, morphology, syntax), (2) the content of language (semantics), and/or (3) the function of language in communication (pragmatics) in any combination.
Genetic VS Chromosomal
• Genetic - Specific characteristics or traits passed from __________________.
• Genetic Disorders – Disorders carried on _____. May be ______ (gene undergoes mutation), or may be ________
• Chromosomal Disorders – A disorder in the structure or number of __________ or both. May be inherited or acquired, as well.
Sequence VS Syndrome
• Sequence – a disorder where many of the anomalies are actually ________ disorders, caused by a ________ anomaly which sets off a chain reaction of changes in the developing embryo that result in other anomalies
• Syndrome – the presence of _______ anomalies in the same individual, with all of those anomalies having a ____________.
Down Syndrome
• Down Syndrome is a _________________
• Presence of ___ copies of chromosome ___ rather than ___.
• _____ – _____ births are Down Syndrome
• Cognitive ability ranges _____ to ______
Characteristics of Down Syndrome• Dysplagia – ________________
• Prognathism – ______________
• Hypotonia – ________________
• Small ___________
• Mouth breathers; open _____________
• Large ___________
• Late ____________
• Hard palate is _____ and _________
• Possible ______________
• Motor, speech and language delays are present in ______ down syndrome children
• Although the degree of disability varies, all babies with Down syndrome show a ____________ with regards to their motor, speech, and language development.
• Studies show little difference in the quality and quantity of vocalizations in babies with DS up to ____ months of age
• Delay becomes more apparent at 12 months, and DS children often do not begin to use words until ______ months
Oral Development Palate
Speech and Language Skills
• Articulation errors tend to be ________ with typical children
• Voice quality ________, _______ and _______
• ________ is fairly common
• Receptive language is _____ ______ than expressive language
• Use more ________ especially when their __________ of lexicon exceed 100 words
• Very ________
• Language skills tend to plateau at about ___ years of age
• As DS child gets older gap _________
Speech and Language Skills
• Dissociated verbal comprehension and production
• As DS child gets older gap widens
• Particularly in syntax and morphology (expressive language)
• Issues with vocabulary use
• Typical MLU _____ words at ___ years, ____ words at ___ years, and ____ words at ___ years of age
Hearing Impairments in Down Syndrome
• Small___________
• Congenital malformation of the _________
• Congenital malformation of the ____________
• Suffer from impacted ___________
• Frequent _______________
• Conductive hearing loss, coupled with frequent middle ear infections can affect ______________
• ____ of DS children suffer a hearing loss
Fragile X
• Caused by a long arm on the __ chromosome
• AKA _________ syndrome
• Mild to moderate _____________
• Linked to 2-3% of all cases of ______
• More prevalent in _____ than ______
• 1 in 1000 males; 1 in 2000 females
Characteristics of Fragile X
• _________________ is linked to 1/3 to ½ of the cases of mental handicaps
• Characteristics are often not apparent until late in ______________.
• Large ______
• Prominent _____
• Generally _________
Speech and Language Skills of Fragile X• _________ delays
• Language Deficits – more _______ than __________
• Auditory Reception
• Grammatic Closure
• Auditory sequential memory
• Severity can be mild to nonverbal
• Use of echolalia
• Perseveration
• Word Finding issues – impacts their ability to answer direct questions
• Delayed syntax
• Pragmatic deficits
Motor and Sensory Deficit• Static Encephalopathy - AKA – __________
• May affect a child’s _________ skills due to muscle tone
• Hearing Impairment
• Depends on the ___________ and the ____ at which the child becomes hearing impaired (or when the hearing loss is detected), as to the language disorder associated with the hearing impairment
Let’s Talk
• “Think About It” page 73 in text book
Hearing Impairment
• ASHA definition – page 74
• Deaf
• Hard of Hearing
• Language disorders of a hearing impaired individual can be variable – based on when the impairment occurred
• Other factors are:
• Whether or not the hearing loss is ______________
• Whether it is ________________
• What _________ of hearing loss the child demonstrates
• How much __________ the child has received
• Family __________
Types and Levels of Hearing Loss
• _________ Hearing Loss
• __________ Hearing Loss
• ________ Hearing Loss
• _______ Hearing Loss
Prelingual and Postlingual Hearing Loss
• Prelingual hearing loss – the acquisition of a hearing loss _____ to the development of speech and language
• Postlingual hearing loss – the acquisition of a hearing loss _____ the development of speech and language.
Otitis Media and Otitis media with effusion• OM – ________________
• OME – Inflammation of the middle ear accompanied by the ____________________________
Problems that may occur
• Both cause _______________ depending on presence of fluid in the middle-ear system
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome• .6 – 3 in every 1000 children are diagnosed with FAS
• One of the leading causes of ________disabilities.
• _____ preventable
Diagnosing FAS
• Diagnosis of FAS must include _________________
The child must exhibit three primary symptoms
• _________________
• _________________
• _________________
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder – Fetal Alcohol Effect
• Diagnosis when all three primary symptoms are _____ ______
• Diagnosis found __ times more than fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
• Insufficient development of _______________
• Short __________
• Small ___________
• Possible ______ fingers and/or toes
• Abnormal __________
• Hip ___________
• Kidney __________
• _______
• Minor ______________
• Abnormal __________
• ___________
• Generalized __________
Physical Characteristics
Language Deficits found in FAS• _________
• __________
• Expressive language skills are ______ than receptive language skills
• Word _______
• Word ___________
• Issues with ___________
• Also impacting Learning and Language are:
• _________ problems
• _________ deficits
• ___________
• ___________
In the classroom a child with FAS may exhibit:• Conceptual deficits such as ____ and _____
• Comprehension of both ________ and _____ material
• Basic ____________
• ______ and ______ memory deficits
Let’s Talk
• “Think About It” page 72 in text book
Intellectual Disability
• Descriptive criteria for labeling a child intellectually disabled is:
• Difficulty ______________
• Delays in __________________
• _____________
• Lack of ______________
• Delay in development of __________ such as self-help or self-care skills
Intellectual Disability is based on IQ Classification
• Borderline 70 – 80
• Mild 50 – 69
• Moderate 35 – 49
• Severe 20 – 34
• Profound Below 20
Acquired Language Disorders• A result of illness
• ________________
• ________________
• ________________