NEW STYLES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY ART
Chapter 21
Background info
Growth of academies or art schools in France and England changed the way artists were taught
To encourage interest in new artists, Salons were held yearly
Salon -- exhibition of art created
by Academy members
Neo-Classicism
Style that revived the ideals of ancient Greek and Roman art
CharacteristicsBalanced compositions
Flowing contour linesNoble gestures and expressions
Themes = courage, sacrifice, love of country
Jacques-Louis David
The Death of MaratColor used sparingly
Avoided details that interfered with simplicity of painting
Purpose to stir the emotions.
Jacques-Louis David (cont.)
Napoleon in His StudyPropaganda typical of David's work
Message = Emperor works while people sleep (see clock and candle)
Romanticism Characteristics
Emotional appeal: subjective
Picturesque subjects
Nature, Gothic images, the macabre
Romanticism: Characteristics (cont)
Fragmentation of images to:Dramatize, Personalize, Escape
Expression more important than structure
Diagonal design, twisting figures dramatic use of light
Théodore Géricault
Raft of the Medusa dramatic contemporary event
Eugène Delacroix Glowing colors and swirling action Painted from the inside out (not
outside in with outside contour lines as a guide)
The Lion HuntTheme: Action -- Movement arranged
in circular pattern within an oval of light.
Use of blurred edges, rapid brush strokes, spots of bold color
Color most important element for Delacroix
English Landscape Painters
John Constable
Attempt to capture light and warmth of sunlight, coolness of shadows, motion of clouds and moving water
Wivenhoe Park, Essextiny dabs of pure color, stippled with white, applied with brush or palette knife.
Joseph M. W. Turner
Watercolor painter turned landscape artist in oils.
Concentrated on effects of light and atmosphere on subject matter
Became most important aspects of his works
Joseph M. W. Turner Romantic characteristics:
Fragmented composition: disjointed diagonals
Deep spaceEnergetic brushstrokes, loose painting technique
Expression dominates...a sense of doom
Rich color
Snow Storm: Steamboat off a Harbor's Mouth
View of nature at most violentPainting intangibles: speed, wind, and atmosphere
Realism
Characteristics of Realism
Paint familiar scenes and trivial events as they really looked
Search for spontaneity, harmonious colors, subjects from everyday life
Burial at Ornans subject: ordinary villager's
funeral used friends as models
Gustave Courbet
Édouard Manet Concerned with how to paint,
not what to paint "Only what the eye can see“
The Railway Figures painted as seen, not posed
Avoided details = caught the scene in a quick glance
Rosa Bonheur St. Simonians (sect that believed in
complete equality of women and men and a feminine element in God). -- Awaited a female Messiah; wanted a society based on love, with no war or class distinctions
Father was an amateur painter Fondness for animals as subjects of
paintings and sculptures Combined Romanticism and Realism
Rosa Bonheur The Horse Fair
Bold paintingsBlend of movement, drama and reality
16 feet wide
ImpressionismChapter 21 Section 3
Characteristics of Impressionism See reality through color and
motion --these were omitted by cameraEmphasized presence of color through shadows
Capture the momentUse light to create illusion of distance
Worked outdoors -- natural light, weather conditions
Light and color make an impression on the retina
Characteristics of Impressionism (cont)
Experimentation with variety of techniques
Common themes: Transportation, nature, seasons, change
Pure form lasted 15 years, with lasting effects
Impressionists were a collectivity with rules, membership, and exhibitionsFounders: Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Claude Monet
Influences
Japanese printsuse of several wooden blocks, each inked with a different colored ink and all applied to the same piece of paper.
no illusion of depthusually landscapes or genre scenes
cut off parts of figures
Influences (cont.) Photography
candid (unposed) views of people
showed familiar subjects from new and unusual points of view
Claude Monet Ordinary motifs on site,
emphasized optical truth The way colors and textures
really appear to the eye. Series of paintings at
varying parts of the day to show the movement of light/shadow as day progressed
HaystacksWhite Frost
HaystacksIn the Late Summer
Rouen Cathedral Full Sunlight
Rouen Cathedral
Waterlilies
Pierre-Auguste Renoir
Work shows the happy side of life
Avoided night and winter scenes
Richly textured surfaces made by short brushstrokes
Subject Matter: Contemporary
bright colors applied in dabs and dashes that seem to blend together
Le Moulin de la Galette
Blurred Edges
Blues
& violets
instead of
grays, browns,
blacksNo emphasis or center of interestDetails missing because it is but a glance
Edgar Degas
Cutoff figures, unusual points of view, and candid poses
Interest in drawingconcerned with line, form, and movement of the human body.
Racetracks and Ballerinas
The Glass of Absinthe
folded newspaper connects parts of the picture
no legs painted on tables
Mary Cassatt (An American) subjects: tender, peaceful paintings
of women and children
The Boating Party
Berthe Morisot Married Édouard Manet’s brother Eugéne. concentrated on portraits and interior scenes posed models for short periods of time and
painted from memory
The Sister
s
Auguste Rodin
Impressionist sculpturesas he modeled, he added pieces bit by bit to construct forms.
wanted to express joy and sorrow and pain as he saw them
The Burghers of Calais facial expressions and gestures
captured in a moment in time.
Meant to be viewed at street level.
The Thinker